Network Working Group C. Weider
Request for Comments: 1491 Merit Network, Inc.
FYI: 21 R. Wright
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
July 1993
A Survey of Advanced Usages of X.500
Status of this Memo
This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does
not specify an Internet standard. Distribution of this memo is
unlimited.
Abstract
This document is the result of a survey asking people to detail their
advanced usages of X.500. It is intended to show how various
organizations are using X.500 in ways which extend the view of X.500
as a "White Pages" service. This RFC is a product of the Integrated
Directory Services Working Group of the Application and User Services
Areas of the IETF.
1. Introduction
As the use of X.500 spreads in the Internet, organizations are
finding uses for it which go beyond the "white pages" paradigm which
has been used to introduce it to new users. Consequently, to document
those new uses and to encourage the wider use of X.500, we sent out a
survey to obtain "advanced usages" of X.500.
1.1 The survey
The survey we sent out is included here for two purposes:
1) completeness, and
2) we'd like to encourage anyone who retrieves this document to send
us their advanced usage for inclusion in the next revision.
If you wish to fill this out, please send it to the working group
list: IDS@merit.edu.
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RFC 1491 X.500 Advanced Usages July 1993
_____________________________________________________________________
Application Name:
Author(s):
Company or Institution:
e-mail address for more information:
If this is a product for public distribution, please give us the
Type: FREE, COMMERCIAL PRODUCT, or PROTOTYPE/RESEARCH
FREE - Anyone may obtain this product at zero cost.
COMMERCIAL PRODUCT - One may purchase this product.
PROTOTYPE/RESEARCH - This product is not yet available, only a
prototype.
If FREE, please give us:
* FTP and/or FTAM address (if available via FTP and/or FTAM):
If COMMERCIAL, please give us:
* Directions to obtain product:
Availability: (When will product be available?)
List of platforms product runs on:
[The platform list can be general - e.g. UNIX]
Short Description (< 100 words):
Full Description (< 1 page):
Fig. 1: Advanced Usages Survey Template
______________________________________________________________________
This survey went out to the following mailing lists: osi-
ds@cs.ucl.ac.uk, disi@merit.edu (now ids@merit.edu), and
dssig@ics.uci.edu.
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RFC 1491 X.500 Advanced Usages July 1993
1.2 Disclaimer
Descriptions of the advanced usages were written by the implementors,
and not by the members of IDS. Although IDS has worked with the
description authors to ensure readability, no guarantees can be made
regarding the validity of descriptions. Caveat emptor.
2. The Survey Responses
2.1 Index to Responses
Application Page
2.2.1 Global Time-table Information Service ................ 3
2.2.2 Pre-Message Security Protocol ................ 4
2.2.3 Electronic Data Interchange ................ 5
2.2.4 Network Topology Information ................ 7
2.2.4.1 Shared Whois Information Project ................ 7
2.2.4.2 EARN's Network Directory ................ 8
2.2.5 Soft Pages ................ 9
2.2.6 X-Tel ................ 10
2.2.7 Xerox Clearinghouse ................ 12
2.2.8 X.500 Sendmail ................ 13
2.2.9 Transparent ODA Conversion ................ 14
2.2.10 X.500 and the whois protocol ................ 16
2.2.11 X.400 table handling ................ 17
2.2 Survey Responses
2.2.1 Global Time-table Information Service
Application Name: Global Time-table Information Service based on X.500
Date Received: 7/1/1992
Date Last Validated: 7/1/1992
Author(s):
Jens Hofmann
Cuno Lanz
Company or Institution:
Laboratory of Computer Engineering and Networks,
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zurich)
Switzerland
e-mail address for more information:
c=CH; a=ARCOM; p=SWITCH; o=ETHZ; ou=TIK; s=Lanz (lanz@tik.ethz.ch)
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RFC 1491 X.500 Advanced Usages July 1993
Type:
experimental prototype; not public
FTP address: <none>
Short Description:
This application aims at integrating the time-table information
services offered by public transport providers of different scope
(local, regional, national or international) into a homogeneous and
unified user interface. X.500 is used to store the information in
an autonomous and extensible way.
Full Description:
Most of the public tranport providers offer some kind of time-table
information service like printed directory, help-desk, telephone
support or PC software. Unfortunately these services have some of
the following drawbacks:
- no automatic update of data (information accuracy)
- no global availability (place independency)
- no permanent availability (time independency)
- no inter-provider service (service integration).
X.500 may serve as a vehicle to overcome these drawbacks as
follows: The public transport providers store the time-table
information in a standardized format on locally managed DSAs. There
is some kind of special purpose DUA which (1) queries the user for
the input parameters (date, time, source and destination station)
then (2) searches for the relevant paths by querying the involved
DSAs and (3) displays the resulting time-table to the user.
In a diploma thesis a student is developing a new data model which
supports easy selection of source and destination station as well
as fast exploring of the time-table information. He is implementing
a prototype application onto an existing DUA interface (based on
HyperCard and running on Apple Macintosh) which is connected to the
world-wide X.500 pilot service over DIXIE protocol. In order to
test the prototype application the time-table information of the
Swiss national public transport company and of most of the regional
providers around the city of Zurich is included under the branch:
c=CH;o=ETH Zurich.
2.2.2 Pre-Message Security Protocol
Application Name:
Defense Message System Directory
Date Recieved: 7/1/1992
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RFC 1491 X.500 Advanced Usages July 1993
Date Last Validated: 7/1/1992
Author:
Bob Cooney
Company or Institution:
The Naval Computer and Telecommunications Station, Washington
and
The Defense Information System Agency
E-mail address for more information:
cooney@wnyose.nctsw.navy.mil
Type:
experimental prototype, not public
FTP address: <none>
Short Description:
The U.S. Navy will build a directory based on X.500 to support the
distribution of Pre-Message Security Protocol security keys.
Long Description:
The U.S. Navy has been asked to build a directory service to support
the distribution of Pre-Message Security Protocol security keys.
The Pre-Message Security Protocol will provide SMTP/X.400 security
services for unclassified but sensitive mail on the Defense Data
Network.
The directory will be based on QUIPU. Proof of concept is expected
by October 1992, with initial operational capacity by October 1993.
2.2.3 Electronic Data Interchange
Application Name: An X.500 User Agent for Electronic Data Interchange
Date Received: 7/10/1992
Date Last Validated: 7/10/1992
Author:
Neil Weldon
Company or Institution:
Networks Group,
Computer Science Dept.,
Trinity College Dublin,
Ireland
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RFC 1491 X.500 Advanced Usages July 1993
e-mail address for more information:
omahony@cs.tcd.ie
nmweldon@vax1.tcd.ie
Type:
Research product and not for public distribution
FTP address: <none>
Short Description:
The Directory is used to assist in solving the 'first order'
problem associated with Electronic Data Interchange (EDI). EDI is
the transfer of trade documents between application processes in a
processable form. The 'first order' problem describes the
agreements that two organizations must come to regarding
capabilities and preferences, before using EDI.
To solve this problem we defined object types to allow the storage
of product catalogues within the Directory, as well as information
about the EDI readiness of trading partners: addresses, preferences
and EDI capabilities.
Full Description:
Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) is the means by which
organizations exchange trade related documents between application
processes in an format which may be processed electronically.
Before using EDI an organization must establish a series of goals
and objectives, to establish what type of documents they wish to be
able to transmit (invoices, purchase orders etc.) and what their
communication requirements are. Each of these time consuming and
tedious steps is usually done in conjunction with trading partners
where these agreements regarding EDI capabilities and preferences
must be made.
To solve this 'first order' problem (the need to come to agreements
with other organizations before trading using EDI takes place) we
defined object types to allow the storage of product catalogues
within the Directory. The Directory may also convey information
regarding the EDI readiness of trading partners: addresses,
preferences and EDI capabilities.
Using an experimental User Agent based on Pod which was developed
at Brunel in the UK, trade documents may be built up by selecting
products from the stored catalogues. These documents are then
encoded as an EDI Interchange after the Directory has been queried
about addresses, etc.
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RFC 1491 X.500 Advanced Usages July 1993
The current object types are very basic and may only convey the
minimal amount of information necessary. We are now in the process
of extending this further to a full product class hierarchy which
is being based on information that may be sent within an EDI trade
document using the EDI standard document syntax EDIFACT.
By using the Directory as a repository for product information to
aid in EDI the catalogues become available worldwide. They may be
replicated at various nodes, and the updating and propagation of
changes to slave copies becomes trivial.
2.2.4 Network Topology Information
There are two projects in this area; Merit Network's Shared Whois
Information Project, and EARN's Network Directory.
2.2.4.1 Shared Whois Information Project
Application Name: Shared Whois Project
Date Received: 6/1/1993
Date Last Validated: 6/1/1993
Author(s): Sheri Repucci
Company or Institution: Merit Network, Inc.
e-mail address for more information: swip@merit.edu
Availability: June 1993
Type:
experimental prototype, not public
List of platforms product runs on: UNIX
Short Description:
The Shared Whois Project merges network data held by various
organizations. The principal purpose of merging this data is to
find and resolve conflicting network information between the
databases. The longterm goal of this project is to move away from
the current model of storing similar and/or duplicate network
information in multiple databases and to move to a X.500
distributed database model. To this end, we are working on loading
the NSFNET network information into X.500 in anticipation of
participating in a distributed database trial.
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RFC 1491 X.500 Advanced Usages July 1993
Full Description:
The Shared Whois Project is a collection of programs and shell
scripts which collectively merges the network data held by each of
the participating organizations. Currently this includes Merit,
the RIPE-NCC and the InterNIC. The principal purpose of merging
this vast quantity of data is to find and resolve conflicting
network information between the various databases. It is our
intent to merge this data bi-weekly and thus rapidly reach, and
thereafter maintain, a stable set of commonly held network
information.
While there is a common set of information all three of the
participants hold in their various databases, additional
information unique to the function of each organization is also
held. Furthermore, the resulting set of data created by the merger
holds only one entry per network without attempting to combine the
variations. Thus, each entry includes a listing of all databases
found to contain information for that network as well as all
databases found to be in conflict with the entry held in the
resultant set.
The longterm goal of this project is to move away from the current
model of storing similar and/or duplicate network information in
multiple databases and to move to a X.500 distributed database
model. To this end, Merit is working to load the NSFNET network
information into X.500 in anticipation of participating in a trial
with the InterNIC and others on the road to a globally distributed
database model.
2.2.4.2 EARN's Network Directory
Application Name: Ditnet/EARN Network Directory
Date Received: 7/7/1992
Date Last Verified: 7/7/1992
Author(s):
Peter Sylvester
Company or Institution:
Inria Rocquencourt - France
e-mail address for more information:
peter.sylvester@inria.fr
Type: FREE (data owned by EARN/Bitnet)
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RFC 1491 X.500 Advanced Usages July 1993
Short Description:
The EARN/Bitnet Network database consists of descriptions of all
participating members, network nodes, adminstrators, and topology
information. This database commonly known as BITEARN NODES is being
made available through x.500.
Full Description:
A full description of the contents of the EARN/Bitnet database
can be found in some EARN internal document which is available
as a file BITEARN NODES from any NETSERV in EARN/Bitnet. The
contents of this file is mapped into an X.500 subtree containing
descriptions of network nodes, adminstrational personnel, and
topology information.
The first version of the directory subtree will be created using a
simple textual mapping to a flat directory tree using private
attributes.
2.2.5 Soft Pages
Application Name: Soft Pages
Date Received: 9/25/1992
Date Last Validated: 9/25/1992
Author(s):
Thomas Johannsen
Glenn Mansfield
Company or Institution:
AIC Systems Laboratory,
Tohoku University Sendai
e-mail address for more information:
spp-support@aic.co.jp
Type:
Intended for public distribution, not yet public
FTP address: <none>
Short Description:
A file name look-up services for anonymous FTP servers, provides ls
-lR information and FTP server address. Additionally, the nearest
FTP site (from user's site) which holds the requested file is
chosen.
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RFC 1491 X.500 Advanced Usages July 1993
Full Description:
With the growing of number and size of electronic archives for
documents, programs and the like, the problem of finding and
retrieving a specific file becomes more and more complex.
Furthermore, bandwidth in the Internet is still limited. Users
should be encouraged and supported to do local FTP sessions as often
as possible instead of getting everything from the other end of the
world (i.e., the net).
The Soft Pages Project combines an Archie-like file look-up service
with network configuration knowledge. A dedicated User Agent gives
a suggestion how to retrieve a document in a network traffic
optimized manner.
Basically, Directory information introduced by Soft Pages falls
into two parts: A file information part and a network configuration
part.
The file information part describes objects and attributes for file
servers and their contents. For each file server, names and
attributes of its files are stored and updated periodically. This
provides global access to Archie-like information for all
registered file servers and, furthermore, opens the way to store
document description together with the file name. Thus, document
search is not restricted to file name matches but might be run for
keywords as well.
The network configuration part provides information on networks
(subnetworks), nodes and lines in the Internet. Furthermore, IP
numbers can be mapped to network and node objects. In order to
evaluate file server sites, Internet (site to site) connections are
given a cost index and then alternatives are compared by their cost
index. Cost index is a calculated parameter representing properties
of a connection like speed, average traffic, charges etc. where
values for the latter are hold as attributes to line objects.
If a document is stored at two or more sites, the site with the
lowest cost index (which naturally will be the "nearest" in network
terms) will be chosen for retrieval. A Soft Pages User Agent
basically interacts with the Directory for finding a pointer to the
"best" copy of a file wanted by a user.
2.2.6 X-Tel
Application Name: X-Tel's advanced applications
Date received: 7/1/1992
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RFC 1491 X.500 Advanced Usages July 1993
Date last verified: 7/1/1992
Author(s):
Colin Robbins
Julian Onions
Graeme Lunt
Company or Institution: X-Tel Services Ltd.
e-mail address for more information:
x500@xtel.co.uk
Type:
Commercial Products / Ideas
Short Description:
1) Product Information. Products that have DUA facilites built in
have a "latest info" button or other request method. When
"pressed" a well known node below the X-Tel part of the tree is
read. The attributes contain descriptions of the latest version of
the software, new features etc. If you decide you would like the
new version, a second read obtains the information required for a
template order form.
2) BUG Status. As above, but obtains details of known bugs in the
version of software you are running. (If only we could find a way
of putting fixes in, and automatically updating the software
itself!)
3) X-Terms. We have a conferencing product, allowing X users to
"talk" and share windows. The problem is identifying which X
Terminal device a particular user is currently on. One solution we
are using is modify a users directory entry during login to say
which X display they have logged into. The conference can the
query the directory, and open windows on the appropriate device.
The directory is also used to store details of current conferences,
so new delegates can join the conference easily.
4) Organisation browsing. There are a rich set of attributes about
people and their roles stored in the directory. We have a special
purpose DUA that exploits this information, and presents
information on who manages who, who is secretary for who etc. This
is very useful when combined with the search ACL mechanism defined
in OSI-DS 21 as different views can be given to different
catergories of users.
5) MHS use of directory. The directory is use to store MHS routing
information (as per the MHS DS working group documents)
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RFC 1491 X.500 Advanced Usages July 1993
6) Mail Lists. Details of mailing lists are stored in the
directory. With careful use of access control, users can be given
access so that they can subscribe and unsubscribe themselves
to/from a list.
7) Details of restuarants in the Nottingham area are stored in the
directory!
8) We plan to use the directory as a rendevuz for a multi-user
adventure game. Each "room" will be a different entry, and modify
operations will be used to pick up and put down objects!
The next two are "advanced" features of our DUA, they may not be
considered relevant to this document!
9) Templates. The directory is used to store template entries.
Our DUA then uses this template when adding new users. Very
useful, as a number of default attributes can be set.
10) Editors. Special purpose editors for a number of complex
attribute syntaxes are built in to our DUAs. This includes QUIPU
ACLs, and X.400 OR Addresses.
2.2.7 Xerox Clearinghouse
Application Name: Clearinghouse Interface
Date Received: 7/1/1992
Date Last Validated: 7/1/1992
Author(s):
Margaret Avino
Company or Institution:
Xerox Corporation
e-mail address for more information
mavin.cin_ops@xerox.com
Type:
Early Design/Implementation stages
Short Description:
X.500 DSA interface to XNS (Xerox Network Services) Clearinghouse
directory to provide access to Xerox Corporation's Clearinghouse via
X.500 DUAs.
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RFC 1491 X.500 Advanced Usages July 1993
Full Description:
Xerox uses the XNS network protocol suite to provide Mail, Filing,
Directory, Authentication, etc. network services for the installed
based of 45,000+ Xerox workstations. The Directory is based on the
XNS Clearinghouse protocol which is similar to X.500 in that it
contains objects which have properties (attributes) and is a fully
distributed, replicatable directory. The searching capabilities of
the Clearinghouse protocol are not as robust as the X.500 search
operation and the physical structure of the original database is
not amenable to complex searches as it could be if it were stored
in a relational database.
The first piece of this project is to transfer the data into an
Oracle relational database and create a new Clearinghouse server
which accesses the oracle database and is a full fledged member of
the Clearinghouse, sending and receiving updates to other servers
using the XNS Clearinghouse protocol. This will allow powerful SQL
queries to be performed on the data which will provide some very
desired functionality such as: list all of the Distribution Lists
of which this name is a member.
To build on the new database, we are probing the implementation of
an X.500 DSA interface to the Oracle Clearinghouse Directory. This
would allow X.500 DUAs to access the data and utilize the powerful
search operations. It will require the definition of one or more
new object classes and several new attributes and some thought
about the appropriate schema.
2.2.8 X.500 Sendmail
Application Name: X.500 Sendmail
Date Received: 9/25/1992
Date Last Verified: 9/25/1992
Author(s):
Tim Howes
Company or Institution:
University of Michigan
e-mail address for more information:
x500@umich.edu
Type:
FREE
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RFC 1491 X.500 Advanced Usages July 1993
FTP address: terminator.cc.umich.edu
Directions to obtain product:
get x500/sendmail-5.65.x500.tar.Z
Short Description:
Modifications to sendmail-5.65 to do X.500 lookups.
Full Description:
We have modified sendmail-5.65 so that it does X.500 lookups,
returning the value of a user's rfc822Mailbox attribute. It
handles multiple matches by sending a message containing the
choices back to the sender. If the user has no email address in
X.500, the sender is sent a message containing postal and phone
information on the user. Both exact and approximate matching is
supported.
2.2.9 Transparent ODA Conversion
Application Name: Transparent ODA Conversion
Date Received: 7/16/1992
Date Last Verified: 7/16/1992
Author(s):
MacFarland Hale (MITRE Open Systems Group)
Company or Institution:
The MITRE Corporation
e-mail address for more information:
machale@mitre.org
Type:
Not Yet Available
Short Description:
Plan to use X.500 in conjunction with X.400 and Open Document
Architecture (ODA) to provide transparent translation of compound
documents between a sender and one or more recipients.
Full Description:
In the future, MITRE would like to combine X.500, X.400 and Open
Document Architecture (ODA) to automate the conversion of compound
documents in such a way that the users need not know about ODA or
even that the conversion is taking place. This will require new
and/or updated X.400 products.
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RFC 1491 X.500 Advanced Usages July 1993
A preferred compound document format (e.g., Microsoft Word,
FrameMaker, etc.) for each user is stored in the X.500 directory.
Each X.400 Message Transfer Agent (MTA) host also houses converters
between each such format and the Open Document Interchange Format
(ODIF).
A user (sender) creates a document with his or her preferred
compound document editor. Ideally, the editor software will have a
link (e.g., button or pull-down menu) to the X.400 User Agent (UA).
The user invokes the X.400 UA (either using this link, or outside
of the editor software) to send the document as an X.400 message to
one or more recipients. Next, the document may need to be
converted to ODIF, and this may be done in one of two ways.
Preferably, the X.400 MTA will be responsible for the ODIF
conversion. The UA must somehow be told what format the original
document is in. This may be done via the UA invocation from inside
the editor, via a UA configuration file, by examining the filename
extension, etc. It then tags the document to indicate the
document's original format using one of the body parts:
"Bilaterally Defined" (body part 14), "Nationally Defined" (body
part 7) or "Externally Defined" (body part 15). The UA then sends
the message, and the MTA interprets the tag to determine the
document's format.
For messages internal to MITRE, the MTA will look up the
recipient's preferred document format. If it is different than the
sender's format, the MTA calls the appropriate ODIF converter and
sends the message. If the recipient's preferred format is the same
as that of the document being sent, then no conversion is
performed. For messages going outside MITRE, the document is
always converted to ODIF. The user may prevent this by specifying
that the enclosed document is not to be converted, in which case
the UA simply sends the document in binary form with no special
tag.
Alternatively, the UA may do the conversion. As above, the UA must
be told the document's original format. The UA may then call the
appropriate local ODIF converter, and then send the message. There
are some disadvantages to this approach:
1) ODIF converters must be purchased for and maintained on many
more hosts;
2) the document is always converted to ODIF (unless the UA
accesses the directory, but...);
3) conversion overhead could be traumatic on a small PC.
Integrated Directory Services Working Group [Page 15]
RFC 1491 X.500 Advanced Usages July 1993
At each recipient host, the X.400 MTA catches the incoming message,
recognizing the contents as ODIF. It then looks up the recipients'
preferred compound document formats, calls the appropriate
converters to translate the contents, and then delivers the
messages to the recipients. If the incoming message contains one
of the format tags described above, then no conversion is performed
(since the document is not in ODIF).
Please note that MITRE is a not-for-profit organization. We will
not produce commercial products to support this scenario, but we
are anxious to encourage and work with companies interested in
doing so.
2.2.10 X.500 and the WHOIS protocol
Application Name: Phone Book
Date Received: 7/15/1992
Date Last Verified: 7/15/1992
Author(s):
Steven Schoch
Company or Institution:
NASA Ames Research Center
e-mail address for more information:
schoch@sheba.arc.nasa.gov
Type:
FREE, see Steve
Short Description:
On-line edition of our phone book, using X.500 for storage and
retrieval.
Full Description:
Phone Book is a user application which communicates using the
Internet WHOIS protocol. It is listed in the Internet Resources
Guide as such. The latest incarnation, however, does not make use
of a flat file -- it gets information from a DUA that performs
conversions between information received via DAP and the format that
users expect to get back from our Phone Book queries. The change to
X.500 has allowed us to supply additional data such as E-mail
address which do not normally appear in the phone book. The fields
supplied in response to a query include:
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RFC 1491 X.500 Advanced Usages July 1993
Name
Telephone Number
Mail Stop
Office Number
Organizational Affiliation (either a NASA organization code
or a contractor name)
E-mail address
Queries may be made on any of the fields specified, with the office
being divided into building and room components. A sample lookup
might be:
trident:297-->phbook yee
Name Phone M/S Office Organization
--------------------------- -------- ------- --------- ------------
Arnold M. Yee 4-4315 258-6 N258/134 COMPSCICOR
Cindy Yee 226-3 N226/105 CALSPAN
cyee@ames.arc.nasa.gov
David H. Yee 4-4106 213-8 N213/256 EEF
david_yee@qmgate.arc.nasa.gov
Dr. Helen M C. Yee 4-4769 202A-1 N202A/216 RF
Harry Yee 4-6557 213-2 N213/101F EES
Peter Edmond Yee 4-3812 233-18 N233/240 EDC
yee@atlas.arc.nasa.gov
Robert Yee 4-4122 T041-3 TA20/155 SFA
robert_yee@qmgate.arc.nasa.gov
2.2.11 X.400 table handling
Application Name: X.400 table handling
Date Received: 7/15/1992
Date Last Verified: 7/15/1992
Author(s):
Julian Onions
Colin Robbins
Company or Institution:
X-Tel Service Limited,
Nottingham, England
e-mail address for more information:
jpo@xtel.co.uk
Type:
FREE, not yet available to the general public
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RFC 1491 X.500 Advanced Usages July 1993
Short Description:
Implementation of the work of the IETF MHS-DS group. The goal is to
put X.400 tables into X.500 in order to facilitate gateway and
routing functions.
Full Description:
See the Internet drafts for MHS-DS. NASA Ames Research Center is
participating in the testing and development of the next release of
the PP message handling software. The latest update (alpha test)
contains usage of X.500 by X.400 for RFC 822<->X.400 gatewaying, as
well as hooks for X.400 intelligent routing. Use of X.500 to
eliminate static tables will greatly improve the ability to
maintain the information necessary for mail gatewaying and routing,
while making it easier to keep this data current and well
distributed.
3. Security Considerations
Security issues are not discussed in this memo.
4. Authors' Addresses
Chris Weider
2901 Hubbard, Pod G
Ann Arbor, MI 48105
Phone: (313) 747-2730
EMail: clw@merit.edu
Russ Wright
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
1 Cyclotron Road
Berkeley, CA 94720
Phone: (415) 486-6965
EMail: wright@lbl.gov
Integrated Directory Services Working Group [Page 18]
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