Network Working Group P. Hethmon
Request for Comments: 3659 Hethmon Software
Updates: 959 March 2007
Category: Standards Track
Extensions to FTP
Status of This Memo
This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2007).
Abstract
This document specifies new FTP commands to obtain listings of remote
directories in a defined format, and to permit restarts of
interrupted data transfers in STREAM mode. It allows character sets
other than US-ASCII, and also defines an optional virtual file
storage structure.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Document Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.1. Basic Tokens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2. Pathnames. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.3. Times. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.4. Server Replies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.5. Interpreting Examples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3. File Modification Time (MDTM). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.1. Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.2. Error Responses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.3. FEAT Response for MDTM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.4. MDTM Examples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4. File SIZE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.1. Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.2. Error Responses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.3. FEAT Response for SIZE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.4. Size Examples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5. Restart of Interrupted Transfer (REST) . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5.1. Restarting in STREAM Mode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.2. Error Recovery and Restart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.3. Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.4. FEAT Response for REST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.5. REST Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
6. A Trivial Virtual File Store (TVFS). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
6.1. TVFS File Names. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
6.2. TVFS Pathnames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
6.3. FEAT Response for TVFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
6.4. OPTS for TVFS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
6.5. TVFS Examples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
7. Listings for Machine Processing (MLST and MLSD). . . . . . . . 23
7.1. Format of MLSx Requests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
7.2. Format of MLSx Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
7.3. File Name Encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
7.4. Format of Facts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
7.5. Standard Facts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
7.6. System Dependent and Local Facts . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
7.7. MLSx Examples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
7.8. FEAT Response for MLSx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
7.9. OPTS Parameters for MLST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
8. Impact on Other FTP Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
9. Character Sets and Internationalization. . . . . . . . . . . . 55
10. IANA Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
10.1. The OS Specific Fact Registry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
10.2. The OS Specific Filetype Registry. . . . . . . . . . . . 56
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11. Security Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
12. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Acknowledgments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
1. Introduction
This document updates the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) [3]. Four new
commands are added: "SIZE", "MDTM", "MLST", and "MLSD". The existing
command "REST" is modified. Of those, the "SIZE" and "MDTM"
commands, and the modifications to "REST" have been in wide use for
many years. The others are new.
These commands allow a client to restart an interrupted transfer in
transfer modes not previously supported in any documented way, and to
obtain a directory listing in a machine friendly, predictable,
format.
An optional structure for the server's file store (NVFS) is also
defined, allowing servers that support such a structure to convey
that information to clients in a standard way, thus allowing clients
more certainty in constructing and interpreting pathnames.
2. Document Conventions
This document makes use of the document conventions defined in BCP
14, RFC 2119 [4]. That provides the interpretation of capitalized
imperative words like MUST, SHOULD, etc.
This document also uses notation defined in STD 9, RFC 959 [3]. In
particular, the terms "reply", "user", "NVFS" (Network Virtual File
System), "file", "pathname", "FTP commands", "DTP" (data transfer
process), "user-FTP process", "user-PI" (user protocol interpreter),
"user-DTP", "server-FTP process", "server-PI", "server-DTP", "mode",
"type", "NVT" (Network Virtual Terminal), "control connection", "data
connection", and "ASCII", are all used here as defined there.
Syntax required is defined using the Augmented BNF defined in [5].
Some general ABNF definitions that are required throughout the
document will be defined later in this section. At first reading, it
may be wise to simply recall that these definitions exist here, and
skip to the next section.
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2.1. Basic Tokens
This document imports the core ABNF definitions given in Appendix A
of [5]. There definitions will be found for basic ABNF elements like
ALPHA, DIGIT, SP, etc. The following terms are added for use in this
document.
TCHAR = VCHAR / SP / HTAB ; visible plus white space
RCHAR = ALPHA / DIGIT / "," / "." / ":" / "!" /
"@" / "#" / "$" / "%" / "^" /
"&" / "(" / ")" / "-" / "_" /
"+" / "?" / "/" / "\" / "'" /
DQUOTE ; <"> -- double quote character (%x22)
SCHAR = RCHAR / "=" ;
The VCHAR (from [5]), RCHAR, SCHAR, and TCHAR types give basic
character types from varying sub-sets of the ASCII character set for
use in various commands and responses.
token = 1*RCHAR
A "token" is a string whose precise meaning depends upon the context
in which it is used. In some cases it will be a value from a set of
possible values maintained elsewhere. In others it might be a string
invented by one party to an FTP conversation from whatever sources it
finds relevant.
Note that in ABNF, string literals are case insensitive. That
convention is preserved in this document, and implies that FTP
commands added by this specification have names that can be
represented in any case. That is, "MDTM" is the same as "mdtm",
"Mdtm" and "MdTm" etc. However note that ALPHA, in particular, is
case sensitive. That implies that a "token" is a case sensitive
value. That implication is correct, except where explicitly stated
to the contrary in this document, or in some other specification that
defines the values this document specifies be used in a particular
context.
2.2. Pathnames
Various FTP commands take pathnames as arguments, or return pathnames
in responses. When the MLST command is supported, as indicated in
the response to the FEAT command [6], pathnames are to be transferred
in one of the following two formats.
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pathname = utf-8-name / raw
utf-8-name = <a UTF-8 encoded Unicode string>
raw = <any string that is not a valid UTF-8 encoding>
Which format is used is at the option of the user-PI or server-PI
sending the pathname. UTF-8 encodings [2] contain enough internal
structure that it is always, in practice, possible to determine
whether a UTF-8 or raw encoding has been used, in those cases where
it matters. While it is useful for the user-PI to be able to
correctly display a pathname received from the server-PI to the user,
it is far more important for the user-PI to be able to retain and
retransmit the identical pathname when required. Implementations are
advised against converting a UTF-8 pathname to a local charset that
isn't capable of representing the full Unicode character repertoire,
and then attempting to invert the charset translation later. Note
that ASCII is a subset of UTF-8. See also [1].
Unless otherwise specified, the pathname is terminated by the CRLF
that terminates the FTP command, or by the CRLF that ends a reply.
Any trailing spaces preceding that CRLF form part of the name.
Exactly one space will precede the pathname and serve as a separator
from the preceding syntax element. Any additional spaces form part
of the pathname. See [7] for a fuller explanation of the character
encoding issues. All implementations supporting MLST MUST support
[7].
Note: for pathnames transferred over a data connection, there is no
way to represent a pathname containing the characters CR and LF in
sequence, and distinguish that from the end of line indication.
Hence, pathnames containing the CRLF pair of characters cannot be
transmitted over a data connection. Data connections only contain
file names transmitted from server-FTP to user-FTP as the result of
one of the directory listing commands. Files with names containing
the CRLF sequence must either have that sequence converted to some
other form, such that the other form can be recognised and be
correctly converted back to CRLF, or be omitted from the listing.
Implementations should also beware that the FTP control connection
uses Telnet NVT conventions [8], and that the Telnet IAC character,
if part of a pathname sent over the control connection, MUST be
correctly escaped as defined by the Telnet protocol.
NVT also distinguishes between CR, LF, and the end of line CRLF, and
so would permit pathnames containing the pair of characters CR and LF
to be correctly transmitted. However, because such a sequence cannot
be transmitted over a data connection (as part of the result of a
LIST, NLST, or MLSD command), such pathnames are best avoided.
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Implementors should also be aware that, although Telnet NVT
conventions are used over the control connections, Telnet option
negotiation MUST NOT be attempted. See section 4.1.2.12 of [9].
2.2.1. Pathname Syntax
Except where TVFS is supported (see section 6), this specification
imposes no syntax upon pathnames. Nor does it restrict the character
set from which pathnames are created. This does not imply that the
NVFS is required to make sense of all possible pathnames. Server-PIs
may restrict the syntax of valid pathnames in their NVFS in any
manner appropriate to their implementation or underlying file system.
Similarly, a server-PI may parse the pathname and assign meaning to
the components detected.
2.2.2. Wildcarding
For the commands defined in this specification, all pathnames are to
be treated literally. That is, for a pathname given as a parameter
to a command, the file whose name is identical to the pathname given
is implied. No characters from the pathname may be treated as
special or "magic", thus no pattern matching (other than for exact
equality) between the pathname given and the files present in the
NVFS of the server-FTP is permitted.
Clients that desire some form of pattern matching functionality must
obtain a listing of the relevant directory, or directories, and
implement their own file name selection procedures.
2.3. Times
The syntax of a time value is:
time-val = 14DIGIT [ "." 1*DIGIT ]
The leading, mandatory, fourteen digits are to be interpreted as, in
order from the leftmost, four digits giving the year, with a range of
1000--9999, two digits giving the month of the year, with a range of
01--12, two digits giving the day of the month, with a range of
01--31, two digits giving the hour of the day, with a range of
00--23, two digits giving minutes past the hour, with a range of
00--59, and finally, two digits giving seconds past the minute, with
a range of 00--60 (with 60 being used only at a leap second). Years
in the tenth century, and earlier, cannot be expressed. This is not
considered a serious defect of the protocol.
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The optional digits, which are preceded by a period, give decimal
fractions of a second. These may be given to whatever precision is
appropriate to the circumstance, however implementations MUST NOT add
precision to time-vals where that precision does not exist in the
underlying value being transmitted.
Symbolically, a time-val may be viewed as
YYYYMMDDHHMMSS.sss
The "." and subsequent digits ("sss") are optional. However the "."
MUST NOT appear unless at least one following digit also appears.
Time values are always represented in UTC (GMT), and in the Gregorian
calendar regardless of what calendar may have been in use at the date
and time indicated at the location of the server-PI.
The technical differences among GMT, TAI, UTC, UT1, UT2, etc., are
not considered here. A server-FTP process should always use the same
time reference, so the times it returns will be consistent. Clients
are not expected to be time synchronized with the server, so the
possible difference in times that might be reported by the different
time standards is not considered important.
2.4. Server Replies
Section 4.2 of [3] defines the format and meaning of replies by the
server-PI to FTP commands from the user-PI. Those reply conventions
are used here without change.
error-response = error-code SP *TCHAR CRLF
error-code = ("4" / "5") 2DIGIT
Implementors should note that the ABNF syntax used in this document
and in other FTP related documents (but not used in [3]), sometimes
shows replies using the one-line format. Unless otherwise explicitly
stated, that is not intended to imply that multi-line responses are
not permitted. Implementors should assume that, unless stated to the
contrary, any reply to any FTP command (including QUIT) may use the
multi-line format described in [3].
Throughout this document, replies will be identified by the three
digit code that is their first element. Thus the term "500 reply"
means a reply from the server-PI using the three digit code "500".
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2.5. Interpreting Examples
In the examples of FTP dialogs presented in this document, lines that
begin "C> " were sent over the control connection from the user-PI to
the server-PI, lines that begin "S> " were sent over the control
connection from the server-PI to the user-PI, and each sequence of
lines that begin "D> " was sent from the server-PI to the user-PI
over a data connection created just to send those lines and closed
immediately after. No examples here show data transferred over a
data connection from the client to the server. In all cases, the
prefixes shown above, including the one space, have been added for
the purposes of this document, and are not a part of the data
exchanged between client and server.
3. File Modification Time (MDTM)
The FTP command, MODIFICATION TIME (MDTM), can be used to determine
when a file in the server NVFS was last modified. This command has
existed in many FTP servers for many years, as an adjunct to the REST
command for STREAM mode, thus is widely available. However, where
supported, the "modify" fact that can be provided in the result from
the new MLST command is recommended as a superior alternative.
When attempting to restart a RETRieve, the user-FTP can use the MDTM
command or the "modify" fact to check if the modification time of the
source file is more recent than the modification time of the
partially transferred file. If it is, then most likely the source
file has changed, and it would be unsafe to restart the previously
incomplete file transfer.
Because the user- and server-FTPs' clocks are not necessarily
synchronised, user-FTPs intending to use this method should usually
obtain the modification time of the file from the server before the
initial RETRieval, and compare that with the modification time before
a RESTart. If they differ, the files may have changed, and RESTart
would be inadvisable. Where this is not possible, the user-FTP
should make sure to allow for possible clock skew when comparing
times.
When attempting to restart a STORe, the User FTP can use the MDTM
command to discover the modification time of the partially
transferred file. If it is older than the modification time of the
file that is about to be STORed, then most likely the source file has
changed, and it would be unsafe to restart the file transfer.
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Note that using MLST (described below), where available, can provide
this information and much more, thus giving an even better indication
that a file has changed and that restarting a transfer would not give
valid results.
Note that this is applicable to any RESTart attempt, regardless of
the mode of the file transfer.
3.1. Syntax
The syntax for the MDTM command is:
mdtm = "MdTm" SP pathname CRLF
As with all FTP commands, the "MDTM" command label is interpreted in
a case-insensitive manner.
The "pathname" specifies an object in the NVFS that may be the object
of a RETR command. Attempts to query the modification time of files
that exist but are unable to be retrieved may generate an error-
response, or can result in a positive response carrying a time-val
with an unspecified value, the choice being made by the server-PI.
The server-PI will respond to the MDTM command with a 213 reply
giving the last modification time of the file whose pathname was
supplied, or a 550 reply if the file does not exist, the modification
time is unavailable, or some other error has occurred.
mdtm-response = "213" SP time-val CRLF /
error-response
Note that when the 213 response is issued, that is, when there is no
error, the format MUST be exactly as specified. Multi-line responses
are not permitted.
3.2. Error Responses
Where the command is correctly parsed but the modification time is
not available, either because the pathname identifies no existing
entity or because the information is not available for the entity
named, then a 550 reply should be sent. Where the command cannot be
correctly parsed, a 500 or 501 reply should be sent, as specified in
[3]. Various 4xy replies are also possible in appropriate
circumstances.
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3.3. FEAT Response for MDTM
When replying to the FEAT command [6], a server-FTP process that
supports the MDTM command MUST include a line containing the single
word "MDTM". This MAY be sent in upper or lower case or a mixture of
both (it is case insensitive), but SHOULD be transmitted in upper
case only. That is, the response SHOULD be:
C> Feat
S> 211- <any descriptive text>
S> ...
S> MDTM
S> ...
S> 211 End
The ellipses indicate place holders where other features may be
included, but are not required. The one-space indentation of the
feature lines is mandatory [6].
3.4. MDTM Examples
If we assume the existence of three files, A B and C, a directory D,
two files with names that end with the string "ile6", and no other
files at all, then the MDTM command may behave as indicated. The
"C>" lines are commands from user-PI to server-PI, the "S>" lines are
server-PI replies.
C> MDTM A
S> 213 19980615100045.014
C> MDTM B
S> 213 19980615100045.014
C> MDTM C
S> 213 19980705132316
C> MDTM D
S> 550 D is not retrievable
C> MDTM E
S> 550 No file named "E"
C> mdtm file6
S> 213 19990929003355
C> MdTm 19990929043300 File6
S> 213 19991005213102
C> MdTm 19990929043300 file6
S> 550 19990929043300 file6: No such file or directory.
From that we can conclude that both A and B were last modified at the
same time (to the nearest millisecond), and that C was modified 20
days and several hours later.
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The times are in GMT, so file A was modified on the 15th of June,
1998, at approximately 11am in London (summer time was then in
effect), or perhaps at 8pm in Melbourne, Australia, or at 6am in New
York. All of those represent the same absolute time, of course. The
location where the file was modified, and consequently the local wall
clock time at that location, is not available.
There is no file named "E" in the current directory, but there are
files named both "file6" and "19990929043300 File6". The
modification times of those files were obtained. There is no file
named "19990929043300 file6".
4. File SIZE
The FTP command, SIZE OF FILE (SIZE), is used to obtain the transfer
size of a file from the server-FTP process. This is the exact number
of octets (8 bit bytes) that would be transmitted over the data
connection should that file be transmitted. This value will change
depending on the current STRUcture, MODE, and TYPE of the data
connection or of a data connection that would be created were one
created now. Thus, the result of the SIZE command is dependent on
the currently established STRU, MODE, and TYPE parameters.
The SIZE command returns how many octets would be transferred if the
file were to be transferred using the current transfer structure,
mode, and type. This command is normally used in conjunction with
the RESTART (REST) command when STORing a file to a remote server in
STREAM mode, to determine the restart point. The server-PI might
need to read the partially transferred file, do any appropriate
conversion, and count the number of octets that would be generated
when sending the file in order to correctly respond to this command.
Estimates of the file transfer size MUST NOT be returned; only
precise information is acceptable.
4.1. Syntax
The syntax of the SIZE command is:
size = "Size" SP pathname CRLF
The server-PI will respond to the SIZE command with a 213 reply
giving the transfer size of the file whose pathname was supplied, or
an error response if the file does not exist, the size is
unavailable, or some other error has occurred. The value returned is
in a format suitable for use with the RESTART (REST) command for mode
STREAM, provided the transfer mode and type are not altered.
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size-response = "213" SP 1*DIGIT CRLF /
error-response
Note that when the 213 response is issued, that is, when there is no
error, the format MUST be exactly as specified. Multi-line responses
are not permitted.
4.2. Error Responses
Where the command is correctly parsed but the size is not available,
perhaps because the pathname identifies no existing entity or because
the entity named cannot be transferred in the current MODE and TYPE
(or at all), then a 550 reply should be sent. Where the command
cannot be correctly parsed, a 500 or 501 reply should be sent, as
specified in [3]. The presence of the 550 error response to a SIZE
command MUST NOT be taken by the client as an indication that the
file cannot be transferred in the current MODE and TYPE. A server
may generate this error for other reasons -- for instance if the
processing overhead is considered too great. Various 4xy replies are
also possible in appropriate circumstances.
4.3. FEAT Response for SIZE
When replying to the FEAT command [6], a server-FTP process that
supports the SIZE command MUST include a line containing the single
word "SIZE". This word is case insensitive, and MAY be sent in any
mixture of upper or lower case, however it SHOULD be sent in upper
case. That is, the response SHOULD be:
C> FEAT
S> 211- <any descriptive text>
S> ...
S> SIZE
S> ...
S> 211 END
The ellipses indicate place holders where other features may be
included, and are not required. The one-space indentation of the
feature lines is mandatory [6].
4.4. Size Examples
Consider a text file "Example" stored on a Unix(TM) server where each
end of line is represented by a single octet. Assume the file
contains 112 lines, and 1830 octets total. Then the SIZE command
would produce:
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C> TYPE I
S> 200 Type set to I.
C> size Example
S> 213 1830
C> TYPE A
S> 200 Type set to A.
C> Size Example
S> 213 1942
Notice that with TYPE=A the SIZE command reports an extra 112 octets.
Those are the extra octets that need to be inserted, one at the end
of each line, to provide correct end-of-line semantics for a transfer
using TYPE=A. Other systems might need to make other changes to the
transfer format of files when converting between TYPEs and MODEs.
The SIZE command takes all of that into account.
Since calculating the size of a file with this degree of precision
may take considerable effort on the part of the server-PI, user-PIs
should not used this command unless this precision is essential (such
as when about to restart an interrupted transfer). For other uses,
the "Size" fact of the MLST command (see section 7.5.7) ought be
requested.
5. Restart of Interrupted Transfer (REST)
To avoid having to resend the entire file if the file is only
partially transferred, both sides need some way to agree on where in
the data stream to restart the data transfer.
The FTP specification [3] includes three modes of data transfer,
STREAM, Block, and Compressed. In Block and Compressed modes, the
data stream that is transferred over the data connection is
formatted, allowing the embedding of restart markers into the stream.
The sending DTP can include a restart marker with whatever
information it needs to be able to restart a file transfer at that
point. The receiving DTP can keep a list of these restart markers,
and correlate them with how the file is being saved. To restart the
file transfer, the receiver just sends back that last restart marker,
and both sides know how to resume the data transfer. Note that there
are some flaws in the description of the restart mechanism in STD 9,
RFC 959 [3]. See section 4.1.3.4 of RFC 1123 [9] for the
corrections.
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5.1. Restarting in STREAM Mode
In STREAM mode, the data connection contains just a stream of
unformatted octets of data. Explicit restart markers thus cannot be
inserted into the data stream, they would be indistinguishable from
data. For this reason, the FTP specification [3] did not provide the
ability to do restarts in stream mode. However, there is not really
a need to have explicit restart markers in this case, as restart
markers can be implied by the octet offset into the data stream.
Because the data stream defines the file in STREAM mode, a different
data stream would represent a different file. Thus, an offset will
always represent the same position within a file. On the other hand,
in other modes than STREAM, the same file can be transferred using
quite different octet sequences and yet be reconstructed into the one
identical file. Thus an offset into the data stream in transfer
modes other than STREAM would not give an unambiguous restart point.
If the data representation TYPE is IMAGE and the STRUcture is File,
for many systems the file will be stored exactly in the same format
as it is sent across the data connection. It is then usually very
easy for the receiver to determine how much data was previously
received, and notify the sender of the offset where the transfer
should be restarted. In other representation types and structures
more effort will be required, but it remains always possible to
determine the offset with finite, but perhaps non-negligible, effort.
In the worst case, an FTP process may need to open a data connection
to itself, set the appropriate transfer type and structure, and
actually transmit the file, counting the transmitted octets.
If the user-FTP process is intending to restart a retrieve, it will
directly calculate the restart marker and send that information in
the RESTart command. However, if the user-FTP process is intending
to restart sending the file, it needs to be able to determine how
much data was previously sent, and correctly received and saved. A
new FTP command is needed to get this information. This is the
purpose of the SIZE command, as documented in section 4.
5.2. Error Recovery and Restart
STREAM mode transfers with FILE STRUcture may be restarted even
though no restart marker has been transferred in addition to the data
itself. This is done by using the SIZE command, if needed, in
combination with the RESTART (REST) command, and one of the standard
file transfer commands.
When using TYPE ASCII or IMAGE, the SIZE command will return the
number of octets that would actually be transferred if the file were
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to be sent between the two systems, i.e., with type IMAGE, the SIZE
normally would be the number of octets in the file. With type ASCII,
the SIZE would be the number of octets in the file including any
modifications required to satisfy the TYPE ASCII CR-LF end-of-line
convention.
5.3. Syntax
The syntax for the REST command when the current transfer mode is
STREAM is:
rest = "Rest" SP 1*DIGIT CRLF
The numeric value gives the number of octets of the immediately-
following transfer to not actually send, effectively causing the
transmission to be restarted at a later point. A value of zero
effectively disables restart, causing the entire file to be
transmitted. The server-PI will respond to the REST command with a
350 reply, indicating that the REST parameter has been saved, and
that another command, which should be either RETR or STOR, should
then follow to complete the restart.
rest-response = "350" SP *TCHAR CRLF /
error-response
Server-FTP processes may permit transfer commands other than RETR and
STOR, such as APPE and STOU, to complete a restart; however, this is
not recommended. STOU (store unique) is undefined in this usage, as
storing the remainder of a file into a unique file name is rarely
going to be useful. If APPE (append) is permitted, it MUST act
identically to STOR when a restart marker has been set. That is, in
both cases, octets from the data connection are placed into the file
at the location indicated by the restart marker value.
The REST command is intended to complete a failed transfer. Use with
RETR is comparatively well defined in all cases, as the client bears
the responsibility of merging the retrieved data with the partially
retrieved file. It may choose to use the data obtained other than to
complete an earlier transfer, or to re-retrieve data that had been
retrieved before. With STOR, however, the server must insert the
data into the file named. The results are undefined if a client uses
REST to do other than restart to complete a transfer of a file that
had previously failed to completely transfer. In particular, if the
restart marker set with a REST command is not at the end of the data
currently stored at the server, as reported by the server, or if
insufficient data are provided in a STOR that follows a REST to
extend the destination file to at least its previous size, then the
effects are undefined.
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The REST command must be the last command issued before the data
transfer command that is to cause a restarted, rather than a
complete, file transfer. The effect of issuing a REST command at any
other time is undefined. The server-PI may react to a badly
positioned REST command by issuing an error response to the following
command, not being a restartable data transfer command, or it may
save the restart value and apply it to the next data transfer
command, or it may silently ignore the inappropriate restart attempt.
Because of this, a user-PI that has issued a REST command, but that
has not successfully transmitted the following data transfer command
for any reason, should send another REST command before the next data
transfer command. If that transfer is not to be restarted, then
"REST 0" should be issued.
An error response will follow a REST command only when the server
does not implement the command, or when the restart marker value is
syntactically invalid for the current transfer mode (e.g., in STREAM
mode, something other than one or more digits appears in the
parameter to the REST command). Any other errors, including such
problems as restart marker out of range, should be reported when the
following transfer command is issued. Such errors will cause that
transfer request to be rejected with an error indicating the invalid
restart attempt.
5.4. FEAT Response for REST
Where a server-FTP process supports RESTart in STREAM mode, as
specified here, it MUST include, in the response to the FEAT command
[6], a line containing exactly the string "REST STREAM". This string
is not case sensitive, but it SHOULD be transmitted in upper case.
Where REST is not supported at all or supported only in block or
compressed modes, the REST line MUST NOT be included in the FEAT
response. Where required, the response SHOULD be:
C> feat
S> 211- <any descriptive text>
S> ...
S> REST STREAM
S> ...
S> 211 end
The ellipses indicate place holders where other features may be
included, and are not required. The one-space indentation of the
feature lines is mandatory [6].
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5.5. REST Example
Assume that the transfer of a largish file has previously been
interrupted after 802816 octets had been received, that the previous
transfer was with TYPE=I, and that it has been verified that the file
on the server has not since changed.
C> TYPE I
S> 200 Type set to I.
C> PORT 127,0,0,1,15,107
S> 200 PORT command successful.
C> REST 802816
S> 350 Restarting at 802816. Send STORE or RETRIEVE
C> RETR cap60.pl198.tar
S> 150 Opening BINARY mode data connection
[...]
S> 226 Transfer complete.
6. A Trivial Virtual File Store (TVFS)
Traditionally, FTP has placed almost no constraints upon the file
store (NVFS) provided by a server. This specification does not alter
that. However, it has become common for servers to attempt to
provide at least file system naming conventions modeled loosely upon
those of the UNIX(TM) file system. This is a tree-structured file
system, built of directories, each of which can contain other
directories, or other kinds of files, or both. Each file and
directory has a name relative to the directory that contains it,
except for the directory at the root of the tree, which is contained
in no other directory, and hence has no name of its own.
That which has so far been described is perfectly consistent with the
standard FTP NVFS and access mechanisms. The "CWD" command is used
to move from one directory to an embedded directory. "CDUP" may be
provided to return to the parent directory, and the various file
manipulation commands ("RETR", "STOR", the rename commands, etc.) are
used to manipulate files within the current directory.
However, it is often useful to be able to reference files other than
by changing directories, especially as FTP provides no guaranteed
mechanism to return to a previous directory. The Trivial Virtual
File Store (TVFS), if implemented, provides that mechanism.
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6.1. TVFS File Names
Where a server implements the TVFS, no elementary file name shall
contain the character "/". Where the underlying natural file store
permits files, or directories, to contain the "/" character in their
names, a server-PI implementing TVFS must encode that character in
some manner whenever file or directory names are being returned to
the user-PI, and reverse that encoding whenever such names are being
accepted from the user-PI.
The encoding method to be used is not specified here. Where some
other character is illegal in file and directory names in the
underlying file store, a simple transliteration may be sufficient.
Where there is no suitable substitute character a more complex
encoding scheme, possibly using an escape character, is likely to be
required.
With the one exception of the unnamed root directory, a TVFS file
name may not be empty. That is, all other file names contain at
least one character.
With the sole exception of the "/" character, any valid IS10646
character [10] may be used in a TVFS file name. When transmitted,
file name characters are encoded using the UTF-8 encoding [2]. Note
that the two-character sequence CR LF occurring in a file name will
make that name impossible to transmit over a data connection.
Consequently, it should be avoided, or if that is impossible to
achieve, it MUST be encoded in some reversible way.
6.2. TVFS Pathnames
A TVFS "Pathname" combines the file or directory name of a target
file or directory, with the directory names of zero or more enclosing
directories, so as to allow the target file or directory to be
referenced other than when the server's "current working directory"
is the directory directly containing the target file or directory.
By definition, every TVFS file or directory name is also a TVFS
pathname. Such a pathname is valid to reference the file from the
directory containing the name, that is, when that directory is the
server-FTP's current working directory.
Other TVFS pathnames are constructed by prefixing a pathname by a
name of a directory from which the path is valid, and separating the
two with the "/" character. Such a pathname is valid to reference
the file or directory from the directory containing the newly added
directory name.
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Where a pathname has been extended to the point where the directory
added is the unnamed root directory, the pathname will begin with the
"/" character. Such a path is known as a fully qualified pathname.
Fully qualified paths may, obviously, not be further extended, as, by
definition, no directory contains the root directory. Being unnamed,
it cannot be represented in any other directory. A fully qualified
pathname is valid to reference the named file or directory from any
location (that is, regardless of what the current working directory
may be) in the virtual file store.
Any pathname that is not a fully qualified pathname may be referred
to as a "relative pathname" and will only correctly reference the
intended file when the current working directory of the server-FTP is
a directory from which the relative pathname is valid.
As a special case, the pathname "/" is defined to be a fully
qualified pathname referring to the root directory. That is, the
root directory does not have a directory (or file) name, but does
have a pathname. This special pathname may be used only as is as a
reference to the root directory. It may not be combined with other
pathnames using the rules above, as doing so would lead to a pathname
containing two consecutive "/" characters, which is an undefined
sequence.
6.2.1. Notes
+ It is not required, or expected, that there be only one fully
qualified pathname that will reference any particular file or
directory.
+ As a caveat, though the TVFS file store is basically tree
structured, there is no requirement that any file or directory
have only one parent directory.
+ As defined, no TVFS pathname will ever contain two consecutive "/"
characters. Such a name is not illegal however, and may be
defined by the server for any purpose that suits it. Clients
implementing this specification should not assume any semantics
for such names.
+ Similarly, other than the special case path that refers to the
root directory, no TVFS pathname constructed as defined here will
ever end with the "/" character. Such names are also not illegal,
but are undefined.
+ While any legal IS10646 character is permitted to occur in a TVFS
file or directory name, other than "/", server FTP implementations
are not required to support all possible IS10646 characters. The
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subset supported is entirely at the discretion of the server. The
case (where it exists) of the characters that make up file,
directory, and pathnames may be significant. Unless determined
otherwise by means unspecified here, clients should assume that
all such names are comprised of characters whose case is
significant. Servers are free to treat case (or any other
attribute) of a name as irrelevant, and hence map two names that
appear to be distinct onto the same underlying file.
+ There are no defined "magic" names, like ".", ".." or "C:".
Servers may implement such names, with any semantics they choose,
but are not required to do so.
+ TVFS imposes no particular semantics or properties upon files,
guarantees no access control schemes, or any of the other common
properties of a file store. Only the naming scheme is defined.
6.3. FEAT Response for TVFS
In response to the FEAT command [6] a server that wishes to indicate
support for the TVFS as defined here will include a line that begins
with the four characters "TVFS" (in any case, or mixture of cases,
upper case is not required). Servers SHOULD send upper case.
Such a response to the FEAT command MUST NOT be returned unless the
server implements TVFS as defined here.
Later specifications may add to the TVFS definition. Such additions
should be notified by means of additional text appended to the TVFS
feature line. Such specifications, if any, will define the extra
text.
Until such a specification is defined, servers should not include
anything after "TVFS" in the TVFS feature line. Clients, however,
should be prepared to deal with arbitrary text following the four
defined characters, and simply ignore it if unrecognized.
A typical response to the FEAT command issued by a server
implementing only this specification would be:
C> feat
S> 211- <any descriptive text>
S> ...
S> TVFS
S> ...
S> 211 end
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The ellipses indicate place holders where other features may be
included, but are not required. The one-space indentation of the
feature lines is mandatory [6] and is not counted as one of the first
four characters for the purposes of this feature listing.
The TVFS feature adds no new commands to the FTP command repertoire.
6.4. OPTS for TVFS
There are no options in this TVFS specification, and hence there is
no OPTS command defined.
6.5. TVFS Examples
Assume a TVFS file store is comprised of a root directory, which
contains two directories (A and B) and two non-directory files (X and
Y). The A directory contains two directories (C and D) and one other
file (Z). The B directory contains just two non-directory files (P
and Q) and the C directory also two non-directory files (also named P
and Q, by chance). The D directory is empty, that is, contains no
files or directories. This structure may depicted graphically as...
(unnamed root)
/ | \ \
/ | \ \
A X B Y
/|\ / \
/ | \ / \
C D Z P Q
/ \
/ \
P Q
Given this structure, the following fully qualified pathnames exist.
/
/A
/B
/X
/Y
/A/C
/A/D
/A/Z
/A/C/P
/A/C/Q
/B/P
/B/Q
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It is clear that none of the paths / /A /B or /A/D refer to the same
directory, as the contents of each is different. Nor do any of / /A
/A/C or /A/D. However /A/C and /B might be the same directory, there
is insufficient information given to tell. Any of the other
pathnames (/X /Y /A/Z /A/C/P /A/C/Q /B/P and /B/Q) may refer to the
same underlying files, in almost any combination.
If the current working directory of the server-FTP is /A then the
following pathnames, in addition to all the fully qualified
pathnames, are valid
C
D
Z
C/P
C/Q
These all refer to the same files or directories as the corresponding
fully qualified path with "/A/" prepended.
That those pathnames all exist does not imply that the TVFS sever
will necessarily grant any kind of access rights to the named paths,
or that access to the same file via different pathnames will
necessarily be granted equal rights.
None of the following relative paths are valid when the current
directory is /A
A
B
X
Y
B/P
B/Q
P
Q
Any of those could be made valid by changing the server-FTP's current
working directory to the appropriate directory. Note that the paths
"P" and "Q" might refer to different files depending upon which
directory is selected to cause those to become valid TVFS relative
paths.
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7. Listings for Machine Processing (MLST and MLSD)
The MLST and MLSD commands are intended to standardize the file and
directory information returned by the server-FTP process. These
commands differ from the LIST command in that the format of the
replies is strictly defined although extensible.
Two commands are defined, MLST and MLSD. MLST provides data about
exactly the object named on its command line, and no others. MLSD,
on the other, lists the contents of a directory if a directory is
named, otherwise a 501 reply is returned. In either case, if no
object is named, the current directory is assumed. That will cause
MLST to send a one-line response, describing the current directory
itself, and MLSD to list the contents of the current directory.
In the following, the term MLSx will be used wherever either MLST or
MLSD may be inserted.
The MLST and MLSD commands also extend the FTP protocol as presented
in STD 9, RFC 959 [3] and STD 3, RFC 1123 [9] to allow that
transmission of 8-bit data over the control connection. Note this is
not specifying character sets which are 8-bit, but specifying that
FTP implementations are to specifically allow the transmission and
reception of 8-bit bytes, with all bits significant, over the control
connection. That is, all 256 possible octet values are permitted.
The MLSx command allows both UTF-8/Unicode and "raw" forms as
arguments, and in responses both to the MLST and MLSD commands, and
all other FTP commands which take pathnames as arguments.
7.1. Format of MLSx Requests
The MLST and MLSD commands each allow a single optional argument.
This argument may be either a directory name or, for MLST only, a
file name. For these purposes, a "file name" is the name of any
entity in the server NVFS which is not a directory. Where TVFS is
supported, any TVFS relative pathname valid in the current working
directory, or any TVFS fully qualified pathname, may be given. If a
directory name is given then MLSD must return a listing of the
contents of the named directory, otherwise it issues a 501 reply, and
does not open a data connection. In all cases for MLST, a single set
of fact lines (usually a single fact line) containing the information
about the named file or directory shall be returned over the control
connection, without opening a data connection.
If no argument is given then MLSD must return a listing of the
contents of the current working directory, and MLST must return a
listing giving information about the current working directory
itself. For these purposes, the contents of a directory are whatever
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file or directory names (not pathnames) the server-PI will allow to
be referenced when the current working directory is the directory
named, and which the server-PI desires to reveal to the user-PI.
Note that omitting the argument is the only defined way to obtain a
listing of the current directory, unless a pathname that represents
the directory happens to be known. In particular, there is no
defined shorthand name for the current directory. This does not
prohibit any particular server-PI implementing such a shorthand.
No title, header, or summary, lines, or any other formatting, other
than as is specified below, is ever returned in the output of an MLST
or MLSD command.
If the Client-FTP sends an invalid argument, the server-FTP MUST
reply with an error code of 501.
The syntax for the MLSx command is:
mlst = "MLst" [ SP pathname ] CRLF
mlsd = "MLsD" [ SP pathname ] CRLF
7.2. Format of MLSx Response
The format of a response to an MLSx command is as follows:
mlst-response = control-response / error-response
mlsd-response = ( initial-response final-response ) /
error-response
control-response = "250-" [ response-message ] CRLF
1*( SP entry CRLF )
"250" [ SP response-message ] CRLF
initial-response = "150" [ SP response-message ] CRLF
final-response = "226" SP response-message CRLF
response-message = *TCHAR
data-response = *( entry CRLF )
entry = [ facts ] SP pathname
facts = 1*( fact ";" )
fact = factname "=" value
factname = "Size" / "Modify" / "Create" /
"Type" / "Unique" / "Perm" /
"Lang" / "Media-Type" / "CharSet" /
os-depend-fact / local-fact
os-depend-fact = <IANA assigned OS name> "." token
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local-fact = "X." token
value = *SCHAR
Upon receipt of an MLSx command, the server will verify the
parameter, and if invalid return an error-response. For this
purpose, the parameter should be considered to be invalid if the
client issuing the command does not have permission to perform the
requested operation.
If the parameter is valid, then for an MLST command, the server-PI
will send the first (leading) line of the control response, the entry
for the pathname given, or the current directory if no pathname was
provided, and the terminating line. Normally exactly one entry would
be returned, more entries are permitted only when required to
represent a file that is to have multiple "Type" facts returned. In
this case, the pathname component of every response MUST be
identical.
Note that for MLST the fact set is preceded by a space. That is
provided to guarantee that the fact set cannot be accidentally
interpreted as the terminating line of the control response, but is
required even when that would not be possible. Exactly one space
exists between the set of facts and the pathname. Where no facts are
present, there will be exactly two leading spaces before the
pathname. No spaces are permitted in the facts, any other spaces in
the response are to be treated as being a part of the pathname.
If the command was an MLSD command, the server will open a data
connection as indicated in section 3.2 of STD 9, RFC 959 [3]. If
that fails, the server will return an error-response. If all is OK,
the server will return the initial-response, send the appropriate
data-response over the new data connection, close that connection,
and then send the final-response over the control connection. The
grammar above defines the format for the data-response, which defines
the format of the data returned over the data connection established.
The data connection opened for a MLSD response shall be a connection
as if the "TYPE L 8", "MODE S", and "STRU F" commands had been given,
whatever FTP transfer type, mode and structure had actually been set,
and without causing those settings to be altered for future commands.
That is, this transfer type shall be set for the duration of the data
connection established for this command only. While the content of
the data sent can be viewed as a series of lines, implementations
should note that there is no maximum line length defined.
Implementations should be prepared to deal with arbitrarily long
lines.
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The facts part of the specification would contain a series of "file
facts" about the file or directory named on the same line. Typical
information to be presented would include file size, last
modification time, creation time, a unique identifier, and a
file/directory flag.
The complete format for a successful reply to the MLSD command would
be:
facts SP pathname CRLF
facts SP pathname CRLF
facts SP pathname CRLF
...
Note that the format is intended for machine processing, not human
viewing, and as such the format is very rigid. Implementations MUST
NOT vary the format by, for example, inserting extra spaces for
readability, replacing spaces by tabs, including header or title
lines, or inserting blank lines, or in any other way alter this
format. Exactly one space is always required after the set of facts
(which may be empty). More spaces may be present on a line if, and
only if, the pathname presented contains significant spaces. The set
of facts must not contain any spaces anywhere inside it. Facts
should be provided in each output line only if they both provide
relevant information about the file named on the same line, and they
are in the set requested by the user-PI. See section 7.9 (page 51).
There is no requirement that the same set of facts be provided for
each file, or that the facts presented occur in the same order for
each file.
7.2.1. Error Responses to MLSx commands
Many of the 4xy and 5xy responses defined in section 4.2 of STD 9,
RFC 959 [3] are possible in response to the MLST and MLSD commands.
In particular, syntax errors can generate 500 or 501 replies. Giving
a pathname that exists but is not a directory as the argument to a
MLSD command generates a 501 reply. Giving a name that does not
exist, or for which access permission (to obtain directory
information as requested) is not granted will elicit a 550 reply.
Other replies (530, 553, 503, 504, and any of the 4xy replies) are
also possible in appropriate circumstances.
7.3. File Name Encoding
An FTP implementation supporting the MLSx commands must be 8-bit
clean. This is necessary in order to transmit UTF-8 encoded file
names. This specification recommends the use of UTF-8 encoded file
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names. FTP implementations SHOULD use UTF-8 whenever possible to
encourage the maximum inter-operability.
File names are not restricted to UTF-8, however treatment of
arbitrary character encodings is not specified by this standard.
Applications are encouraged to treat non-UTF-8 encodings of file
names as octet sequences.
Note that this encoding is unrelated to that of the contents of the
file, even if the file contains character data.
Further information about file name encoding for FTP may be found in
"Internationalization of the File Transfer Protocol" [7].
7.3.1. Notes about the File Name
The file name returned in the MLST response should be the same name
as was specified in the MLST command, or, where TVFS is supported, a
fully qualified TVFS path naming the same file. Where no argument
was given to the MLST command, the server-PI may either include an
empty file name in the response, or it may supply a name that refers
to the current directory, if such a name is available. Where TVFS is
supported, a fully qualified pathname of the current directory SHOULD
be returned.
File names returned in the output from an MLSD command SHOULD be
unqualified names within the directory named, or the current
directory if no argument was given. That is, the directory named in
the MLSD command SHOULD NOT appear as a component of the file names
returned.
If the server-FTP process is able, and the "type" fact is being
returned, it MAY return in the MLSD response, an entry whose type is
"cdir", which names the directory from which the contents of the
listing were obtained. Where TVFS is supported, the name MAY be the
fully qualified pathname of the directory, or MAY be any other
pathname that is valid to refer to that directory from the current
working directory of the server-FTP. Where more than one name
exists, multiple of these entries may be returned. In a sense, the
"cdir" entry can be viewed as a heading for the MLSD output.
However, it is not required to be the first entry returned, and may
occur anywhere within the listing.
When TVFS is supported, a user-PI can refer to any file or directory
in the listing by combining a type "cdir" name, with the appropriate
name from the directory listing using the procedure defined in
section 6.2.
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Alternatively, whether TVFS is supported or not, the user-PI can
issue a CWD command ([3]) giving a name of type "cdir" from the
listing returned, and from that point reference the files returned in
the MLSD response from which the cdir was obtained by using the file
name components of the listing.
7.4. Format of Facts
The "facts" for a file in a reply to a MLSx command consist of
information about that file. The facts are a series of keyword=value
pairs each followed by semi-colon (";") characters. An individual
fact may not contain a semi-colon in its name or value. The complete
series of facts may not contain the space character. See the
definition or "RCHAR" in section 2.1 for a list of the characters
that can occur in a fact value. Not all are applicable to all facts.
A sample of a typical series of facts would be: (spread over two
lines for presentation here only)
size=4161;lang=en-US;modify=19970214165800;create=19961001124534;
type=file;x.myfact=foo,bar;
7.5. Standard Facts
This document defines a standard set of facts as follows:
size -- Size in octets
modify -- Last modification time
create -- Creation time
type -- Entry type
unique -- Unique id of file/directory
perm -- File permissions, whether read, write, execute is
allowed for the login id.
lang -- Language of the file name per IANA [11] registry.
media-type -- MIME media-type of file contents per IANA registry.
charset -- Character set per IANA registry (if not UTF-8)
Fact names are case-insensitive. Size, size, SIZE, and SiZe are the
same fact.
Further operating system specific keywords could be specified by
using the IANA operating system name as a prefix (examples only):
OS/2.ea -- OS/2 extended attributes
MACOS.rf -- MacIntosh resource forks
UNIX.mode -- Unix file modes (permissions)
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Implementations may define keywords for experimental, or private use.
All such keywords MUST begin with the two character sequence "x.".
As type names are case independent, "x." and "X." are equivalent.
For example:
x.ver -- Version information
x.desc -- File description
x.type -- File type
7.5.1. The Type Fact
The type fact needs a special description. Part of the problem with
current practices is deciding when a file is a directory. If it is a
directory, is it the current directory, a regular directory, or a
parent directory? The MLST specification makes this unambiguous
using the type fact. The type fact given specifies information about
the object listed on the same line of the MLST response.
Five values are possible for the type fact:
file -- a file entry
cdir -- the listed directory
pdir -- a parent directory
dir -- a directory or sub-directory
OS.name=type -- an OS or file system dependent file type
The syntax is defined to be:
type-fact = type-label "=" type-val
type-label = "Type"
type-val = "File" / "cdir" / "pdir" / "dir" /
os-type
The value of the type fact (the "type-val") is a case independent
string.
7.5.1.1. type=file
The presence of the type=file fact indicates the listed entry is a
file containing non-system data. That is, it may be transferred from
one system to another of quite different characteristics, and perhaps
still be meaningful.
7.5.1.2. type=cdir
The type=cdir fact indicates the listed entry contains a pathname of
the directory whose contents are listed. An entry of this type will
only be returned as a part of the result of an MLSD command when the
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type fact is included, and provides a name for the listed directory,
and facts about that directory. In a sense, it can be viewed as
representing the title of the listing, in a machine friendly format.
It may appear at any point of the listing, it is not restricted to
appearing at the start, though frequently may do so, and may occur
multiple times. It MUST NOT be included if the type fact is not
included, or there would be no way for the user-PI to distinguish the
name of the directory from an entry in the directory.
Where TVFS is supported by the server-FTP, this name may be used to
construct pathnames with which to refer to the files and directories
returned in the same MLSD output (see section 6.2). These pathnames
are only expected to work when the server-PI's position in the NVFS
file tree is the same as its position when the MLSD command was
issued, unless a fully qualified pathname results.
Where TVFS is not supported, the only defined semantics associated
with a "type=cdir" entry are that, provided the current working
directory of the server-PI has not been changed, a pathname of type
"cdir" may be used as an argument to a CWD command, which will cause
the current directory of the server-PI to change so that the
directory that was listed in its current working directory.
7.5.1.3. type=dir
If present, the type=dir entry gives the name of a directory. Such
an entry typically cannot be transferred from one system to another
using RETR, etc., but should (permissions permitting) be able to be
the object of an MLSD command.
7.5.1.4. type=pdir
If present, which will occur only in the response to a MLSD command
when the type fact is included, the type=pdir entry represents a
pathname of the parent directory of the listed directory. As well as
having the properties of a type=dir, a CWD command that uses the
pathname from this entry should change the user to a parent directory
of the listed directory. If the listed directory is the current
directory, a CDUP command may also have the effect of changing to the
named directory. User-FTP processes should note not all responses
will include this information, and that some systems may provide
multiple type=pdir responses.
Where TVFS is supported, a "type=pdir" name may be a relative
pathname, or a fully qualified pathname. A relative pathname will be
relative to the directory being listed, not to the current directory
of the server-PI at the time.
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For the purposes of this type value, a "parent directory" is any
directory in which there is an entry of type=dir that refers to the
directory in which the type=pdir entity was found. Thus it is not
required that all entities with type=pdir refer to the same
directory. The "unique" fact (if supported and supplied) can be used
to determine whether there is a relationship between the type=pdir
entries or not.
7.5.1.5. System Defined Types
Files types that are specific to a specific operating system, or file
system, can be encoded using the "OS." type names. The format is:
os-type = "OS." os-name "=" os-kind
os-name = <an IANA registered operating system name>
os-kind = token
The "os-name" indicates the specific system type that supports the
particular localtype. OS specific types are registered by the IANA
using the procedures specified in section 10. The "os-kind" provides
the system dependent information as to the type of the file listed.
The os-name and os-kind strings in an os-type are case independent.
"OS.unix=block" and "OS.Unix=BLOCK" represent the same type (or
would, if such a type were registered.)
Note: Where the underlying system supports a file type that is
essentially an indirect pointer to another file, the NVFS
representation of that type should normally be to represent the file
that the reference indicates. That is, the underlying basic file
will appear more than once in the NVFS, each time with the "unique"
fact (see immediately following section) containing the same value,
indicating that the same file is represented by all such names.
User-PIs transferring the file need then transfer it only once, and
then insert their own form of indirect reference to construct
alternate names where desired, or perhaps even copy the local file if
that is the only way to provide two names with the same content. A
file which would be a reference to another file, if only the other
file actually existed, may be represented in any OS dependent manner
appropriate, or not represented at all.
7.5.1.6. Multiple Types
Where a file is such that it may validly, and sensibly, treated by
the server-PI as being of more than one of the above types, then
multiple entries should be returned, each with its own "Type" fact of
the appropriate type, and each containing the same pathname. This
may occur, for example, with a structured file, which may contain
sub-files, and where the server-PI permits the structured file to be
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treated as a unit, or treated as a directory allowing the sub-files
within it to be referenced. When this is done, the pathname returned
with each entry MUST be identical to the others representing the same
file.
7.5.2. The unique Fact
The unique fact is used to present a unique identifier for a file or
directory in the NVFS accessed via a server-FTP process. The value
of this fact should be the same for any number of pathnames that
refer to the same underlying file. The fact should have different
values for names that reference distinct files. The mapping between
files, and unique fact tokens should be maintained, and remain
consistent, for at least the lifetime of the control connection from
user-PI to server-PI.
unique-fact = "Unique" "=" token
This fact would be expected to be used by server-FTPs whose host
system allows things such as symbolic links so that the same file may
be represented in more than one directory on the server. The only
conclusion that should be drawn is that if two different names each
have the same value for the unique fact, they refer to the same
underlying object. The value of the unique fact (the token) should
be considered an opaque string for comparison purposes, and is a case
dependent value. The tokens "A" and "a" do not represent the same
underlying object.
7.5.3. The modify Fact
The modify fact is used to determine the last time the content of the
file (or directory) indicated was modified. Any change of substance
to the file should cause this value to alter. That is, if a change
is made to a file such that the results of a RETR command would
differ, then the value of the modify fact should alter. User-PIs
should not assume that a different modify fact value indicates that
the file contents are necessarily different than when last retrieved.
Some systems may alter the value of the modify fact for other
reasons, though this is discouraged wherever possible. Also a file
may alter, and then be returned to its previous content, which would
often be indicated as two incremental alterations to the value of the
modify fact.
For directories, this value should alter whenever a change occurs to
the directory such that different file names would (or might) be
included in MLSD output of that directory.
modify-fact = "Modify" "=" time-val
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7.5.4. The create Fact
The create fact indicates when a file, or directory, was first
created. Exactly what "creation" is for this purpose is not
specified here, and may vary from server to server. About all that
can be said about the value returned is that it can never indicate a
later time than the modify fact.
create-fact = "Create" "=" time-val
Implementation Note: Implementors of this fact on UNIX(TM) systems
should note that the unix "stat" "st_ctime" field does not give
creation time, and that unix file systems do not record creation
time at all. Unix (and POSIX) implementations will normally not
include this fact.
7.5.5. The perm Fact
The perm fact is used to indicate access rights the current FTP user
has over the object listed. Its value is always an unordered
sequence of alphabetic characters.
perm-fact = "Perm" "=" *pvals
pvals = "a" / "c" / "d" / "e" / "f" /
"l" / "m" / "p" / "r" / "w"
There are ten permission indicators currently defined. Many are
meaningful only when used with a particular type of object. The
indicators are case independent, "d" and "D" are the same indicator.
The "a" permission applies to objects of type=file, and indicates
that the APPE (append) command may be applied to the file named.
The "c" permission applies to objects of type=dir (and type=pdir,
type=cdir). It indicates that files may be created in the directory
named. That is, that a STOU command is likely to succeed, and that
STOR and APPE commands might succeed if the file named did not
previously exist, but is to be created in the directory object that
has the "c" permission. It also indicates that the RNTO command is
likely to succeed for names in the directory.
The "d" permission applies to all types. It indicates that the
object named may be deleted, that is, that the RMD command may be
applied to it if it is a directory, and otherwise that the DELE
command may be applied to it.
The "e" permission applies to the directory types. When set on an
object of type=dir, type=cdir, or type=pdir it indicates that a CWD
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command naming the object should succeed, and the user should be able
to enter the directory named. For type=pdir it also indicates that
the CDUP command may succeed (if this particular pathname is the one
to which a CDUP would apply.)
The "f" permission for objects indicates that the object named may be
renamed - that is, may be the object of an RNFR command.
The "l" permission applies to the directory file types, and indicates
that the listing commands, LIST, NLST, and MLSD may be applied to the
directory in question.
The "m" permission applies to directory types, and indicates that the
MKD command may be used to create a new directory within the
directory under consideration.
The "p" permission applies to directory types, and indicates that
objects in the directory may be deleted, or (stretching naming a
little) that the directory may be purged. Note: it does not indicate
that the RMD command may be used to remove the directory named
itself, the "d" permission indicator indicates that.
The "r" permission applies to type=file objects, and for some
systems, perhaps to other types of objects, and indicates that the
RETR command may be applied to that object.
The "w" permission applies to type=file objects, and for some
systems, perhaps to other types of objects, and indicates that the
STOR command may be applied to the object named.
Note: That a permission indicator is set can never imply that the
appropriate command is guaranteed to work -- just that it might.
Other system specific limitations, such as limitations on
available space for storing files, may cause an operation to fail,
where the permission flags may have indicated that it was likely
to succeed. The permissions are a guide only.
Implementation note: The permissions are described here as they apply
to FTP commands. They may not map easily into particular
permissions available on the server's operating system. Servers
are expected to synthesize these permission bits from the
permission information available from operating system. For
example, to correctly determine whether the "D" permission bit
should be set on a directory for a server running on the UNIX(TM)
operating system, the server should check that the directory named
is empty, and that the user has write permission on both the
directory under consideration, and its parent directory.
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Some systems may have more specific permissions than those listed
here, such systems should map those to the flags defined as best
they are able. Other systems may have only more broad access
controls. They will generally have just a few possible
permutations of permission flags, however they should attempt to
correctly represent what is permitted.
7.5.6. The lang Fact
The lang fact describes the natural language of the file name for use
in display purposes. Values used here should be taken from the
language registry of the IANA. See [12] for the syntax, and
procedures, related to language tags.
lang-fact = "Lang" "=" token
Server-FTP implementations MUST NOT guess language values. Language
values must be determined in an unambiguous way such as file system
tagging of language or by user configuration. Note that the lang
fact provides no information at all about the content of a file, only
about the encoding of its name.
7.5.7. The size Fact
The size fact applies to non-directory file types and should always
reflect the approximate size of the file. This should be as accurate
as the server can make it, without going to extraordinary lengths,
such as reading the entire file. The size is expressed in units of
octets of data in the file.
Given limitations in some systems, Client-FTP implementations must
understand this size may not be precise and may change between the
time of a MLST and RETR operation.
Clients that need highly accurate size information for some
particular reason should use the SIZE command as defined in section
4. The most common need for this accuracy is likely to be in
conjunction with the REST command described in section 5. The size
fact, on the other hand, should be used for purposes such as
indicating to a human user the approximate size of the file to be
transferred, and perhaps to give an idea of expected transfer
completion time.
size-fact = "Size" "=" 1*DIGIT
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7.5.8. The media-type Fact
The media-type fact represents the IANA media type of the file named,
and applies only to non-directory types. The list of values used
must follow the guidelines set by the IANA registry.
media-type = "Media-Type" "=" <per IANA guidelines>
Server-FTP implementations MUST NOT guess media type values. Media
type values must be determined in an unambiguous way such as file
system tagging of media-type or by user configuration. This fact
gives information about the content of the file named. Both the
primary media type, and any appropriate subtype should be given,
separated by a slash "/" as is traditional.
7.5.9. The charset Fact
The charset fact provides the IANA character set name, or alias, for
the encoded pathnames in a MLSx response. The default character set
is UTF-8 unless specified otherwise. FTP implementations SHOULD use
UTF-8 if possible to encourage maximum inter-operability. The value
of this fact applies to the pathname only, and provides no
information about the contents of the file.
charset-type = "Charset" "=" token
7.5.10. Required Facts
Servers are not required to support any particular set of the
available facts. However, servers SHOULD, if conceivably possible,
support at least the type, perm, size, unique, and modify facts.
7.6. System Dependent and Local Facts
By using an system dependent fact, or a local fact, a server-PI may
communicate to the user-PI information about the file named that is
peculiar to the underlying file system.
7.6.1. System Dependent Facts
System dependent fact names are labeled by prefixing a label
identifying the specific information returned by the name of the
appropriate operating system from the IANA maintained list of
operating system names.
The value of an OS dependent fact may be whatever is appropriate to
convey the information available. It must be encoded as a "token" as
defined in section 2.1 however.
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In order to allow reliable inter-operation between users of system
dependent facts, the IANA will maintain a registry of system
dependent fact names, their syntax, and the interpretation to be
given to their values. Registrations of system dependent facts are
to be accomplished according to the procedures of section 10.
7.6.2. Local Facts
Implementations may also make available other facts of their own
choosing. As the method of interpretation of such information will
generally not be widely understood, server-PIs should be aware that
clients will typically ignore any local facts provided. As there is
no registration of locally defined facts, it is entirely possible
that different servers will use the same local fact name to provide
vastly different information. Hence user-PIs should be hesitant
about making any use of any information in a locally defined fact
without some other specific assurance that the particular fact is one
that they do comprehend.
Local fact names all begin with the sequence "X.". The rest of the
name is a "token" (see section 2.1). The value of a local fact can
be anything at all, provided it can be encoded as a "token".
7.7. MLSx Examples
The following examples are all taken from dialogues between existing
FTP clients and servers. Because of this, not all possible
variations of possible response formats are shown in the examples.
This should not be taken as limiting the options of other server
implementors. Where the examples show OS dependent information, that
is to be treated as being purely for the purposes of demonstration of
some possible OS specific information that could be defined. As at
the time of the writing of this document, no OS specific facts or
file types have been defined, the examples shown here should not be
treated as in any way to be preferred over other possible similar
definitions. Consult the IANA registries to determine what types and
facts have been defined. Finally also beware that as the examples
shown are taken from existing implementations, coded before this
document was completed, the possibility of variations between the
text of this document and the examples exists. In any such case of
inconsistency, the example is to be treated as incorrect.
In the examples shown, only relevant commands and responses have been
included. This is not to imply that other commands (including
authentication, directory modification, PORT or PASV commands, or
similar) would not be present in an actual connection, or were not,
in fact, actually used in the examples before editing. Note also
that the formats shown are those that are transmitted between client
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and server, not formats that would normally ever be reported to the
user of the client.
7.7.1. Simple MLST
C> PWD
S> 257 "/tmp" is current directory.
C> MLst cap60.pl198.tar.gz
S> 250- Listing cap60.pl198.tar.gz
S> Type=file;Size=1024990;Perm=r; /tmp/cap60.pl198.tar.gz
S> 250 End
The client first asked to be told the current directory of the
server. This was purely for the purposes of clarity of this example.
The client then requested facts about a specific file. The server
returned the "250-" first control-response line, followed by a single
line of facts about the file, followed by the terminating "250 "
line. The text on the control-response line and the terminating line
can be anything the server decides to send. Notice that the fact
line is indented by a single space. Notice also that there are no
spaces in the set of facts returned, until the single space before
the file name. The file name returned on the fact line is a fully
qualified pathname of the file listed. The facts returned show that
the line refers to a file, that file contains approximately 1024990
bytes, though more or less than that may be transferred if the file
is retrieved, and a different number may be required to store the
file at the client's file store, and the connected user has
permission to retrieve the file but not to do anything else
particularly interesting.
7.7.2. MLST of a directory
C> PWD
S> 257 "/" is current directory.
C> MLst tmp
S> 250- Listing tmp
S> Type=dir;Modify=19981107085215;Perm=el; /tmp
S> 250 End
Again the PWD is just for the purposes of demonstration for the
example. The MLST fact line this time shows that the file listed is
a directory, that it was last modified at 08:52:15 on the 7th of
November, 1998 UTC, and that the user has permission to enter the
directory, and to list its contents, but not to modify it in any way.
Again, the fully qualified pathname of the directory listed is given.
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7.7.3. MLSD of a directory
C> MLSD tmp
S> 150 BINARY connection open for MLSD tmp
D> Type=cdir;Modify=19981107085215;Perm=el; tmp
D> Type=cdir;Modify=19981107085215;Perm=el; /tmp
D> Type=pdir;Modify=19990112030508;Perm=el; ..
D> Type=file;Size=25730;Modify=19940728095854;Perm=; capmux.tar.z
D> Type=file;Size=1830;Modify=19940916055648;Perm=r; hatch.c
D> Type=file;Size=25624;Modify=19951003165342;Perm=r; MacIP-02.txt
D> Type=file;Size=2154;Modify=19950501105033;Perm=r; uar.netbsd.patch
D> Type=file;Size=54757;Modify=19951105101754;Perm=r; iptnnladev.1.0.sit.hqx
D> Type=file;Size=226546;Modify=19970515023901;Perm=r; melbcs.tif
D> Type=file;Size=12927;Modify=19961025135602;Perm=r; tardis.1.6.sit.hqx
D> Type=file;Size=17867;Modify=19961025135602;Perm=r; timelord.1.4.sit.hqx
D> Type=file;Size=224907;Modify=19980615100045;Perm=r; uar.1.2.3.sit.hqx
D> Type=file;Size=1024990;Modify=19980130010322;Perm=r; cap60.pl198.tar.gz
S> 226 MLSD completed
In this example notice that there is no leading space on the fact
lines returned over the data connection. Also notice that two lines
of "type=cdir" have been given. These show two alternate names for
the directory listed, one a fully qualified pathname, and the other a
local name relative to the servers current directory when the MLSD
was performed. Note that all other file names in the output are
relative to the directory listed, though the server could, if it
chose, give a fully qualified pathname for the "type=pdir" line.
This server has chosen not to. The other files listed present a
fairly boring set of files that are present in the listed directory.
Note that there is no particular order in which they are listed.
They are not sorted by file name, by size, or by modify time. Note
also that the "perm" fact has an empty value for the file
"capmux.tar.z" indicating that the connected user has no permissions
at all for that file. This server has chosen to present the "cdir"
and "pdir" lines before the lines showing the content of the
directory, it is not required to do so. The "size" fact does not
provide any meaningful information for a directory, so is not
included in the fact lines for the directory types shown.
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7.7.4. A More Complex Example
C> MLst test
S> 250- Listing test
S> Type=dir;Perm=el;Unique=keVO1+ZF4 test
S> 250 End
C> MLSD test
S> 150 BINARY connection open for MLSD test
D> Type=cdir;Perm=el;Unique=keVO1+ZF4; test
D> Type=pdir;Perm=e;Unique=keVO1+d?3; ..
D> Type=OS.unix=slink:/foobar;Perm=;Unique=keVO1+4G4; foobar
D> Type=OS.unix=chr-13/29;Perm=;Unique=keVO1+5G4; device
D> Type=OS.unix=blk-11/108;Perm=;Unique=keVO1+6G4; block
D> Type=file;Perm=awr;Unique=keVO1+8G4; writable
D> Type=dir;Perm=cpmel;Unique=keVO1+7G4; promiscuous
D> Type=dir;Perm=;Unique=keVO1+1t2; no-exec
D> Type=file;Perm=r;Unique=keVO1+EG4; two words
D> Type=file;Perm=r;Unique=keVO1+IH4; leading space
D> Type=file;Perm=r;Unique=keVO1+1G4; file1
D> Type=dir;Perm=cpmel;Unique=keVO1+7G4; incoming
D> Type=file;Perm=r;Unique=keVO1+1G4; file2
D> Type=file;Perm=r;Unique=keVO1+1G4; file3
D> Type=file;Perm=r;Unique=keVO1+1G4; file4
S> 226 MLSD completed
C> MLSD test/incoming
S> 150 BINARY connection open for MLSD test/incoming
D> Type=cdir;Perm=cpmel;Unique=keVO1+7G4; test/incoming
D> Type=pdir;Perm=el;Unique=keVO1+ZF4; ..
D> Type=file;Perm=awdrf;Unique=keVO1+EH4; bar
D> Type=file;Perm=awdrf;Unique=keVO1+LH4;
D> Type=file;Perm=rf;Unique=keVO1+1G4; file5
D> Type=file;Perm=rf;Unique=keVO1+1G4; file6
D> Type=dir;Perm=cpmdelf;Unique=keVO1+!s2; empty
S> 226 MLSD completed
For the purposes of this example the fact set requested has been
modified to delete the "size" and "modify" facts, and add the
"unique" fact. First, facts about a file name have been obtained via
MLST. Note that no fully qualified pathname was given this time.
That was because the server was unable to determine that information.
Then having determined that the file name represents a directory,
that directory has been listed. That listing also shows no fully
qualified pathname, for the same reason, thus has but a single
"type=cdir" line. This directory (which was created especially for
the purpose) contains several interesting files. There are some with
OS dependent file types, several sub-directories, and several
ordinary files.
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Not much can be said here about the OS dependent file types, as none
of the information shown there should be treated as any more than
possibilities. It can be seen that the OS type of the server is
"unix" though, which is one of the OS types in the IANA registry of
Operating System names.
Of the three directories listed, "no-exec" has no permission granted
to this user to access at all. From the "Unique" fact values, it can
be determined that "promiscuous" and "incoming" in fact represent the
same directory. Its permissions show that the connected user has
permission to do essentially anything other than to delete the
directory. That directory was later listed. It happens that the
directory can not be deleted because it is not empty.
Of the normal files listed, two contain spaces in their names. The
file called " leading space" actually contains two spaces in its
name, one before the "l" and one between the "g" and the "s". The
two spaces that separate the facts from the visible part of the
pathname make that clear. The file "writable" has the "a" and "w"
permission bits set, and consequently the connected user should be
able to STOR or APPE to that file.
The other four file names, "file1", "file2", "file3", and "file4" all
represent the same underlying file, as can be seen from the values of
the "unique" facts of each. It happens that "file1" and "file2" are
Unix "hard" links, and that "file3" and "file4" are "soft" or
"symbolic" links to the first two. None of that information is
available via standard MLST facts, it is sufficient for the purposes
of FTP to note that all represent the same file, and that the same
data would be fetched no matter which of them was retrieved, and that
all would be simultaneously modified were data stored in any.
Finally, the sub-directory "incoming" is listed. Since "promiscuous"
is the same directory there would be no point listing it as well. In
that directory, the files "file5" and "file6" represent still more
names for the "file1" file we have seen before. Notice the entry
between that for "bar" and "file5". Though it is not possible to
easily represent it in this document, that shows a file with a name
comprising exactly three spaces (" "). A client will have no
difficulty determining that name from the output presented to it
however. The directory "empty" is, as its name implies, empty,
though that is not shown here. It can, however, be deleted, as can
file "bar" and the file whose name is three spaces. All the files
that reside in this directory can be renamed. This is a consequence
of the UNIX semantics of the directory that contains them being
modifiable.
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7.7.5. More Accurate Time Information
C> MLst file1
S> 250- Listing file1
S> Type=file;Modify=19990929003355.237; file1
S> 250 End
In this example, the server-FTP is indicating that "file1" was last
modified 237 milliseconds after 00:33:55 UTC on the 29th of
September, 1999.
7.7.6. A Different Server
C> MLST
S> 250-Begin
S> type=dir;unique=AQkAAAAAAAABCAAA; /
S> 250 End.
C> MLSD
S> 150 Opening ASCII mode data connection for MLS.
D> type=cdir;unique=AQkAAAAAAAABCAAA; /
D> type=dir;unique=AQkAAAAAAAABEAAA; bin
D> type=dir;unique=AQkAAAAAAAABGAAA; etc
D> type=dir;unique=AQkAAAAAAAAB8AwA; halflife
D> type=dir;unique=AQkAAAAAAAABoAAA; incoming
D> type=dir;unique=AQkAAAAAAAABIAAA; lib
D> type=dir;unique=AQkAAAAAAAABWAEA; linux
D> type=dir;unique=AQkAAAAAAAABKAEA; ncftpd
D> type=dir;unique=AQkAAAAAAAABGAEA; outbox
D> type=dir;unique=AQkAAAAAAAABuAAA; quake2
D> type=dir;unique=AQkAAAAAAAABQAEA; winstuff
S> 226 Listing completed.
C> MLSD linux
S> 150 Opening ASCII mode data connection for MLS.
D> type=cdir;unique=AQkAAAAAAAABWAEA; /linux
D> type=pdir;unique=AQkAAAAAAAABCAAA; /
D> type=dir;unique=AQkAAAAAAAABeAEA; firewall
D> type=file;size=12;unique=AQkAAAAAAAACWAEA; helo_world
D> type=dir;unique=AQkAAAAAAAABYAEA; kernel
D> type=dir;unique=AQkAAAAAAAABmAEA; scripts
D> type=dir;unique=AQkAAAAAAAABkAEA; security
S> 226 Listing completed.
C> MLSD linux/kernel
S> 150 Opening ASCII mode data connection for MLS.
D> type=cdir;unique=AQkAAAAAAAABYAEA; /linux/kernel
D> type=pdir;unique=AQkAAAAAAAABWAEA; /linux
D> type=file;size=6704;unique=AQkAAAAAAAADYAEA; k.config
D> type=file;size=7269221;unique=AQkAAAAAAAACYAEA; linux-2.0.36.tar.gz
D> type=file;size=12514594;unique=AQkAAAAAAAAEYAEA; linux-2.1.130.tar.gz
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S> 226 Listing completed.
Note that this server returns its "unique" fact value in quite a
different format. It also returns fully qualified pathnames for the
"pdir" entry.
7.7.7. Some IANA Files
C> MLSD
S> 150 BINARY connection open for MLSD .
D> Type=cdir;Modify=19990219183438; /iana/assignments
D> Type=pdir;Modify=19990112030453; ..
D> Type=dir;Modify=19990219073522; media-types
D> Type=dir;Modify=19990112033515; character-set-info
D> Type=dir;Modify=19990112033529; languages
D> Type=file;Size=44242;Modify=19990217230400; character-sets
D> Type=file;Size=1947;Modify=19990209215600; operating-system-names
S> 226 MLSD completed
C> MLSD media-types
S> 150 BINARY connection open for MLSD media-types
D> Type=cdir;Modify=19990219073522; media-types
D> Type=cdir;Modify=19990219073522; /iana/assignments/media-types
D> Type=pdir;Modify=19990219183438; ..
D> Type=dir;Modify=19990112033045; text
D> Type=dir;Modify=19990219183442; image
D> Type=dir;Modify=19990112033216; multipart
D> Type=dir;Modify=19990112033254; video
D> Type=file;Size=30249;Modify=19990218032700; media-types
S> 226 MLSD completed
C> MLSD character-set-info
S> 150 BINARY connection open for MLSD character-set-info
D> Type=cdir;Modify=19990112033515; character-set-info
D> Type=cdir;Modify=19990112033515; /iana/assignments/character-set-info
D> Type=pdir;Modify=19990219183438; ..
D> Type=file;Size=1234;Modify=19980903020400; windows-1251
D> Type=file;Size=4557;Modify=19980922001400; tis-620
D> Type=file;Size=801;Modify=19970324130000; ibm775
D> Type=file;Size=552;Modify=19970320130000; ibm866
D> Type=file;Size=922;Modify=19960505140000; windows-1258
S> 226 MLSD completed
C> MLSD languages
S> 150 BINARY connection open for MLSD languages
D> Type=cdir;Modify=19990112033529; languages
D> Type=cdir;Modify=19990112033529; /iana/assignments/languages
D> Type=pdir;Modify=19990219183438; ..
D> Type=file;Size=2391;Modify=19980309130000; default
D> Type=file;Size=943;Modify=19980309130000; tags
D> Type=file;Size=870;Modify=19971026130000; navajo
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D> Type=file;Size=699;Modify=19950911140000; no-bok
S> 226 MLSD completed
C> PWD
S> 257 "/iana/assignments" is current directory.
This example shows some of the IANA maintained files that are
relevant for this specification in MLSD format. Note that these
listings have been edited by deleting many entries, the actual
listings are much longer.
7.7.8. A Stress Test of Case (In)dependence
The following example is intended to make clear some cases where case
dependent strings are permitted in the MLSx commands, and where case
independent strings are required.
Note first that the "MLSD" command, shown here as "MlsD" is case
independent. Clients may issue this command in any case, or
combination of cases, they desire. This is the case for all FTP
commands.
C> MlsD
S> 150 BINARY connection open for MLSD .
D> Type=pdir;Modify=19990929011228;Perm=el;Unique=keVO1+ZF4; ..
D> Type=file;Size=4096;Modify=19990929011440;Perm=r;Unique=keVO1+Bd8; FILE2
D> Type=file;Size=4096;Modify=19990929011440;Perm=r;Unique=keVO1+aG8; file3
D> Type=file;Size=4096;Modify=19990929011440;Perm=r;Unique=keVO1+ag8; FILE3
D> Type=file;Size=4096;Modify=19990929011440;Perm=r;Unique=keVO1+bD8; file1
D> Type=file;Size=4096;Modify=19990929011440;Perm=r;Unique=keVO1+bD8; file2
D> Type=file;Size=4096;Modify=19990929011440;Perm=r;Unique=keVO1+Ag8; File3
D> Type=file;Size=4096;Modify=19990929011440;Perm=r;Unique=keVO1+bD8; File1
D> Type=file;Size=4096;Modify=19990929011440;Perm=r;Unique=keVO1+Bd8; File2
D> Type=file;Size=4096;Modify=19990929011440;Perm=r;Unique=keVO1+bd8; FILE1
S> 226 MLSD completed
Next, notice the labels of the facts. These are also case-
independent strings; the server-FTP is permitted to return them in
any case desired. User-FTP must be prepared to deal with any case,
though it may do this by mapping the labels to a common case if
desired.
Then, notice that there are nine objects of "type" file returned. In
a case-independent NVFS these would represent three different file
names, "file1", "file2", and "file3". With a case-dependent NVFS all
nine represent different file names. Either is possible, server-FTPs
may implement a case dependent or a case independent NVFS. User-FTPs
must allow for case dependent selection of files to manipulate on the
server.
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Lastly, notice that the value of the "unique" fact is case dependent.
In the example shown, "file1", "File1", and "file2" all have the same
"unique" fact value "keVO1+bD8", and thus all represent the same
underlying file. On the other hand, "FILE1" has a different "unique"
fact value ("keVO1+bd8") and hence represents a different file.
Similarly, "FILE2" and "File2" are two names for the same underlying
file, whereas "file3", "File3" and "FILE3" all represent different
underlying files.
That the approximate sizes ("size" fact) and last modification times
("modify" fact) are the same in all cases might be no more than a
coincidence.
It is not suggested that the operators of server-FTPs create an NVFS
that stresses the protocols to this extent; however, both user and
server implementations must be prepared to deal with such extreme
examples.
7.7.9. Example from Another Server
C> MlsD
S> 150 File Listing Follows in IMAGE / Binary mode.
D> type=cdir;modify=19990426150227;perm=el; /MISC
D> type=pdir;modify=19791231130000;perm=el; /
D> type=dir;modify=19990426150227;perm=el; CVS
D> type=dir;modify=19990426150228;perm=el; SRC
S> 226 Transfer finished successfully.
C> MlsD src
S> 150 File Listing Follows in IMAGE / Binary mode.
D> type=cdir;modify=19990426150228;perm=el; /MISC/src
D> type=pdir;modify=19990426150227;perm=el; /MISC
D> type=dir;modify=19990426150228;perm=el; CVS
D> type=dir;modify=19990426150228;perm=el; INSTALL
D> type=dir;modify=19990426150230;perm=el; INSTALLI
D> type=dir;modify=19990426150230;perm=el; TREES
S> 226 Transfer finished successfully.
C> MlsD src/install
S> 150 File Listing Follows in IMAGE / Binary mode.
D> type=cdir;modify=19990426150228;perm=el; /MISC/src/install
D> type=pdir;modify=19990426150228;perm=el; /MISC/src
D> type=file;modify=19990406234304;perm=r;size=20059; BOOTPC.C
D> type=file;modify=19980401170153;perm=r;size=278; BOOTPC.H
D> type=file;modify=19990413153736;perm=r;size=54220; BOOTPC.O
D> type=file;modify=19990223044003;perm=r;size=3389; CDROM.C
D> type=file;modify=19990413153739;perm=r;size=30192; CDROM.O
D> type=file;modify=19981119155324;perm=r;size=1055; CHANGELO
D> type=file;modify=19981204171040;perm=r;size=8297; COMMANDS.C
D> type=file;modify=19980508041749;perm=r;size=580; COMMANDS.H
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...
D> type=file;modify=19990419052351;perm=r;size=54264; URLMETHO.O
D> type=file;modify=19980218161629;perm=r;size=993; WINDOWS.C
D> type=file;modify=19970912154859;perm=r;size=146; WINDOWS.H
D> type=file;modify=19990413153731;perm=r;size=16812; WINDOWS.O
D> type=file;modify=19990322174959;perm=r;size=129; _CVSIGNO
D> type=file;modify=19990413153640;perm=r;size=82536; _DEPEND
S> 226 Transfer finished successfully.
C> MLst src/install/windows.c
S> 250-Listing src/install/windows.c
S> type=file;perm=r;size=993; /misc/src/install/windows.c
S> 250 End
S> ftp> mlst SRC/INSTALL/WINDOWS.C
C> MLst SRC/INSTALL/WINDOWS.C
S> 250-Listing SRC/INSTALL/WINDOWS.C
S> type=file;perm=r;size=993; /misc/SRC/INSTALL/WINDOWS.C
S> 250 End
Note that this server gives fully qualified pathnames for the "pdir"
and "cdir" entries in MLSD listings. Also notice that this server
does, though it is not required to, sort its directory listing
outputs. That may be an artifact of the underlying file system
access mechanisms of course. Finally notice that the NVFS supported
by this server, in contrast to the earlier ones, implements its
pathnames in a case independent manner. The server seems to return
files using the case in which they were requested, when the name was
sent by the client, and otherwise uses an algorithm known only to
itself to select the case of the names it returns.
7.7.10. A Server Listing Itself
C> MLst f
S> 250-MLST f
S> Type=dir;Modify=20000710052229;Unique=AAD/AAAABIA; f
S> 250 End
C> CWD f
S> 250 CWD command successful.
C> MLSD
S> 150 Opening ASCII mode data connection for 'MLSD'.
D> Type=cdir;Unique=AAD/AAAABIA; .
D> Type=pdir;Unique=AAD/AAAAAAI; ..
D> Type=file;Size=987;Unique=AAD/AAAABIE; Makefile
D> Type=file;Size=20148;Unique=AAD/AAAABII; conf.c
D> Type=file;Size=11111;Unique=AAD/AAAABIM; extern.h
D> Type=file;Size=38721;Unique=AAD/AAAABIQ; ftpcmd.y
D> Type=file;Size=17922;Unique=AAD/AAAABIU; ftpd.8
D> Type=file;Size=60732;Unique=AAD/AAAABIY; ftpd.c
D> Type=file;Size=3127;Unique=AAD/AAAABIc; logwtmp.c
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D> Type=file;Size=2294;Unique=AAD/AAAABIg; pathnames.h
D> Type=file;Size=7605;Unique=AAD/AAAABIk; popen.c
D> Type=file;Size=9951;Unique=AAD/AAAABIo; ftpd.conf.5
D> Type=file;Size=5023;Unique=AAD/AAAABIs; ftpusers.5
D> Type=file;Size=3547;Unique=AAD/AAAABIw; logutmp.c
D> Type=file;Size=2064;Unique=AAD/AAAABI0; version.h
D> Type=file;Size=20420;Unique=AAD/AAAAAAM; cmds.c
D> Type=file;Size=15864;Unique=AAD/AAAAAAg; ls.c
D> Type=file;Size=2898;Unique=AAD/AAAAAAk; ls.h
D> Type=file;Size=2769;Unique=AAD/AAAAAAo; lsextern.h
D> Type=file;Size=2042;Unique=AAD/AAAAAAs; stat_flags.h
D> Type=file;Size=5708;Unique=AAD/AAAAAAw; cmp.c
D> Type=file;Size=9280;Unique=AAD/AAAAAA0; print.c
D> Type=file;Size=4657;Unique=AAD/AAAAAA4; stat_flags.c
D> Type=file;Size=2664;Unique=AAD/AAAAAA8; util.c
D> Type=file;Size=10383;Unique=AAD/AAAABJ0; ftpd.conf.cat5
D> Type=file;Size=3631;Unique=AAD/AAAABJ4; ftpusers.cat5
D> Type=file;Size=17729;Unique=AAD/AAAABJ8; ftpd.cat8
S> 226 MLSD complete.
This examples shows yet another server implementation, showing a
listing of its own source code. Note that this implementation does
not include the fully qualified path name in its "cdir" and "pdir"
entries, nor in the output from "MLST". Also note that the facts
requested were modified between the "MLST" and "MLSD" commands,
though that exchange has not been shown here.
7.7.11. A Server with a Difference
C> PASV
S> 227 Entering Passive Mode (127,0,0,1,255,46)
C> MLSD
S> 150 I tink I tee a trisector tree
D> Type=file;Unique=aaaaafUYqaaa;Perm=rf;Size=15741; x
D> Type=cdir;Unique=aaaaacUYqaaa;Perm=cpmel; /
D> Type=file;Unique=aaaaajUYqaaa;Perm=rf;Size=5760; x4
D> Type=dir;Unique=aaabcaUYqaaa;Perm=elf; sub
D> Type=file;Unique=aaaaagUYqaaa;Perm=rf;Size=8043; x1
D> Type=dir;Unique=aaab8aUYqaaa;Perm=cpmelf; files
D> Type=file;Unique=aaaaahUYqaaa;Perm=rf;Size=4983; x2
D> Type=file;Unique=aaaaaiUYqaaa;Perm=rf;Size=6854; x3
S> 226 That's all folks...
C> CWD sub
S> 250 CWD command successful.
C> PWD
S> 257 "/sub" is current directory.
C> PASV
S> 227 Entering Passive Mode (127,0,0,1,255,44)
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C> MLSD
S> 150 I tink I tee a trisector tree
D> Type=dir;Unique=aaabceUYqaaa;Perm=elf; dir
D> Type=file;Unique=aaabcbUYqaaa;Perm=rf;Size=0; y1
D> Type=file;Unique=aaabccUYqaaa;Perm=rf;Size=0; y2
D> Type=file;Unique=aaabcdUYqaaa;Perm=rf;Size=0; y3
D> Type=pdir;Unique=aaaaacUYqaaa;Perm=cpmel; /
D> Type=pdir;Unique=aaaaacUYqaaa;Perm=cpmel; ..
D> Type=cdir;Unique=aaabcaUYqaaa;Perm=el; /sub
S> 226 That's all folks...
C> PASV
S> 227 Entering Passive Mode (127,0,0,1,255,42)
C> MLSD dir
S> 150 I tink I tee a trisector tree
D> Type=pdir;Unique=aaabcaUYqaaa;Perm=el; /sub
D> Type=pdir;Unique=aaabcaUYqaaa;Perm=el; ..
D> Type=file;Unique=aaab8cUYqaaa;Perm=r;Size=15039; mlst.c
D> Type=dir;Unique=aaabcfUYqaaa;Perm=el; ect
D> Type=cdir;Unique=aaabceUYqaaa;Perm=el; dir
D> Type=cdir;Unique=aaabceUYqaaa;Perm=el; /sub/dir
D> Type=dir;Unique=aaabchUYqaaa;Perm=el; misc
D> Type=file;Unique=aaab8bUYqaaa;Perm=r;Size=34589; ftpd.c
S> 226 That's all folks...
C> CWD dir/ect
S> 250 CWD command successful.
C> PWD
S> 257 "/sub/dir/ect" is current directory.
C> PASV
S> 227 Entering Passive Mode (127,0,0,1,255,40)
C> MLSD
S> 150 I tink I tee a trisector tree
D> Type=dir;Unique=aaabcgUYqaaa;Perm=el; ory
D> Type=pdir;Unique=aaabceUYqaaa;Perm=el; /sub/dir
D> Type=pdir;Unique=aaabceUYqaaa;Perm=el; ..
D> Type=cdir;Unique=aaabcfUYqaaa;Perm=el; /sub/dir/ect
S> 226 That's all folks...
C> CWD /files
S> 250 CWD command successful.
C> PASV
S> 227 Entering Passive Mode (127,0,0,1,255,36)
C> MLSD
S> 150 I tink I tee a trisector tree
D> Type=cdir;Unique=aaab8aUYqaaa;Perm=cpmel; /files
D> Type=pdir;Unique=aaaaacUYqaaa;Perm=cpmel; /
D> Type=pdir;Unique=aaaaacUYqaaa;Perm=cpmel; ..
D> Type=file;Unique=aaab8cUYqaaa;Perm=rf;Size=15039; mlst.c
D> Type=file;Unique=aaab8bUYqaaa;Perm=rf;Size=34589; ftpd.c
S> 226 That's all folks...
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C> RNFR mlst.c
S> 350 File exists, ready for destination name
C> RNTO list.c
S> 250 RNTO command successful.
C> PASV
S> 227 Entering Passive Mode (127,0,0,1,255,34)
C> MLSD
S> 150 I tink I tee a trisector tree
D> Type=file;Unique=aaab8cUYqaaa;Perm=rf;Size=15039; list.c
D> Type=pdir;Unique=aaaaacUYqaaa;Perm=cpmel; /
D> Type=pdir;Unique=aaaaacUYqaaa;Perm=cpmel; ..
D> Type=file;Unique=aaab8bUYqaaa;Perm=rf;Size=34589; ftpd.c
D> Type=cdir;Unique=aaab8aUYqaaa;Perm=cpmel; /files
S> 226 That's all folks...
The server shown here returns its directory listings in seemingly
random order, and even seems to modify the order of the directory as
its contents change -- perhaps the underlying directory structure is
based upon hashing of some kind. Note that the "pdir" and "cdir"
entries are interspersed with other entries in the directory. Note
also that this server does not show a "pdir" entry when listing the
contents of the root directory of the virtual filestore; however, it
does however include multiple "cdir" and "pdir" entries when it feels
inclined. The server also uses obnoxiously "cute" messages.
7.8. FEAT Response for MLSx
When responding to the FEAT command, a server-FTP process that
supports MLST, and MLSD, plus internationalization of pathnames, MUST
indicate that this support exists. It does this by including a MLST
feature line. As well as indicating the basic support, the MLST
feature line indicates which MLST facts are available from the
server, and which of those will be returned if no subsequent "OPTS
MLST" command is sent.
mlst-feat = SP "MLST" [SP factlist] CRLF
factlist = 1*( factname ["*"] ";" )
The initial space shown in the mlst-feat response is that required by
the FEAT command, two spaces are not permitted. If no factlist is
given, then the server-FTP process is indicating that it supports
MLST, but implements no facts. Only pathnames can be returned. This
would be a minimal MLST implementation, and useless for most
practical purposes. Where the factlist is present, the factnames
included indicate the facts supported by the server. Where the
optional asterisk appears after a factname, that fact will be
included in MLST format responses, until an "OPTS MLST" is given to
alter the list of facts returned. After that, subsequent FEAT
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commands will return the asterisk to show the facts selected by the
most recent "OPTS MLST".
Note that there is no distinct FEAT output for MLSD. The presence of
the MLST feature indicates that both MLST and MLSD are supported.
7.8.1. Examples
C> Feat
S> 211- Features supported
S> REST STREAM
S> MDTM
S> SIZE
S> TVFS
S> UTF8
S> MLST Type*;Size*;Modify*;Perm*;Unique*;UNIX.mode;UNIX.chgd;X.hidden;
S> 211 End
Aside from some features irrelevant here, this server indicates that
it supports MLST including several, but not all, standard facts, all
of which it will send by default. It also supports two OS dependent
facts, and one locally defined fact. The latter three must be
requested expressly by the client for this server to supply them.
C> Feat
S> 211-Extensions supported:
S> CLNT
S> MDTM
S> MLST type*;size*;modify*;UNIX.mode*;UNIX.owner;UNIX.group;unique;
S> PASV
S> REST STREAM
S> SIZE
S> TVFS
S> Compliance Level: 19981201 (IETF mlst-05)
S> 211 End.
Again, in addition to some irrelevant features here, this server
indicates that it supports MLST, four of the standard facts, one of
which ("unique") is not enabled by default, and several OS dependent
facts, one of which is provided by the server by default. This
server actually supported more OS dependent facts. Others were
deleted for the purposes of this document to comply with document
formatting restrictions.
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C> FEAT
S> 211-Features supported
S> MDTM
S> MLST Type*;Size*;Modify*;Perm;Unique*;
S> REST STREAM
S> SIZE
S> TVFS
S> 211 End
This server has wisely chosen not to implement any OS dependent
facts. At the time of writing this document, no such facts have been
defined (using the mechanisms of section 10.1) so rational support
for them would be difficult at best. All but one of the facts
supported by this server are enabled by default.
7.9. OPTS Parameters for MLST
For the MLSx commands, the Client-FTP may specify a list of facts it
wishes to be returned in all subsequent MLSx commands until another
OPTS MLST command is sent. The format is specified by:
mlst-opts = "OPTS" SP "MLST"
[ SP 1*( factname ";" ) ]
By sending the "OPTS MLST" command, the client requests the server to
include only the facts listed as arguments to the command in
subsequent output from MLSx commands. Facts not included in the
"OPTS MLST" command MUST NOT be returned by the server. Facts that
are included should be returned for each entry returned from the MLSx
command where they meaningfully apply. Facts requested that are not
supported, or that are inappropriate to the file or directory being
listed should simply be omitted from the MLSx output. This is not an
error. Note that where no factname arguments are present, the client
is requesting that only the file names be returned. In this case,
and in any other case where no facts are included in the result, the
space that separates the fact names and their values from the file
name is still required. That is, the first character of the output
line will be a space, (or two characters will be spaces when the line
is returned over the control connection) and the file name will start
immediately thereafter.
Clients should note that generating values for some facts can be
possible, but very expensive, for some servers. It is generally
acceptable to retrieve any of the facts that the server offers as its
default set before any "OPTS MLST" command has been given, however
clients should use particular caution before requesting any facts not
in that set. That is, while other facts may be available from the
server, clients should refrain from requesting such facts unless
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there is a particular operational requirement for that particular
information, which ought be more significant than perhaps simply
improving the information displayed to an end user.
Note, there is no "OPTS MLSD" command, the fact names set with the
"OPTS MLST" command apply to both MLST and MLSD commands.
Servers are not required to accept "OPTS MLST" commands before
authentication of the user-PI, but may choose to permit them.
7.9.1. OPTS MLST Response
The "response-message" from [6] to a successful OPTS MLST command has
the following syntax.
mlst-opt-resp = "MLST OPTS" [ SP 1*( factname ";" ) ]
This defines the "response-message" as used in the "opts-good"
message in RFC 2389 [6].
The facts named in the response are those that the server will now
include in MLST (and MLSD) response, after the processing of the
"OPTS MLST" command. Any facts from the request not supported by the
server will be omitted from this response message. If no facts will
be included, the list of facts will be empty. Note that the list of
facts returned will be the same as those marked by a trailing
asterisk ("*") in a subsequent FEAT command response. There is no
requirement that the order of the facts returned be the same as that
in which they were requested, or that in which they will be listed in
a FEAT command response, or that in which facts are returned in MLST
responses. The fixed string "MLST OPTS" in the response may be
returned in any case, or mixture of cases.
7.9.2. Examples
C> Feat
S> 211- Features supported
S> MLST Type*;Size;Modify*;Perm;Unique;UNIX.mode;UNIX.chgd;X.hidden;
S> 211 End
C> OptS Mlst Type;UNIX.mode;Perm;
S> 200 MLST OPTS Type;Perm;UNIX.mode;
C> Feat
S> 211- Features supported
S> MLST Type*;Size;Modify;Perm*;Unique;UNIX.mode*;UNIX.chgd;X.hidden;
S> 211 End
C> opts MLst lang;type;charset;create;
S> 200 MLST OPTS Type;
C> Feat
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S> 211- Features supported
S> MLST Type*;Size;Modify;Perm;Unique;UNIX.mode;UNIX.chgd;X.hidden;
S> 211 End
C> OPTS mlst size;frogs;
S> 200 MLST OPTS Size;
C> Feat
S> 211- Features supported
S> MLST Type;Size*;Modify;Perm;Unique;UNIX.mode;UNIX.chgd;X.hidden;
S> 211 End
C> opts MLst unique type;
S> 501 Invalid MLST options
C> Feat
S> 211- Features supported
S> MLST Type;Size*;Modify;Perm;Unique;UNIX.mode;UNIX.chgd;X.hidden;
S> 211 End
For the purposes of this example, features other than MLST have been
deleted from the output to avoid clutter. The example shows the
initial default feature output for MLST. The facts requested are
then changed by the client. The first change shows facts that are
available from the server being selected. Subsequent FEAT output
shows the altered features as being returned. The client then
attempts to select some standard features that the server does not
support. This is not an error, however the server simply ignores the
requests for unsupported features, as the FEAT output that follows
shows. Then, the client attempts to request a non-standard, and
unsupported, feature. The server ignores that, and selects only the
supported features requested. Lastly, the client sends a request
containing a syntax error (spaces cannot appear in the factlist.)
The server-FTP sends an error response and completely ignores the
request, leaving the fact set selected as it had been previously.
Note that in all cases, except the error response, the response lists
the facts that have been selected.
C> Feat
S> 211- Features supported
S> MLST Type*;Size*;Modify*;Perm*;Unique*;UNIX.mode;UNIX.chgd;X.hidden;
S> 211 End
C> Opts MLST
S> 200 MLST OPTS
C> Feat
S> 211- Features supported
S> MLST Type;Size;Modify;Perm;Unique;UNIX.mode;UNIX.chgd;X.hidden;
S> 211 End
C> MLst tmp
S> 250- Listing tmp
S> /tmp
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S> 250 End
C> OPTS mlst unique;size;
S> 200 MLST OPTS Size;Unique;
C> MLst tmp
S> 250- Listing tmp
S> Unique=keVO1+YZ5; /tmp
S> 250 End
C> OPTS mlst unique;type;modify;
S> 200 MLST OPTS Type;Modify;Unique;
C> MLst tmp
S> 250- Listing tmp
S> Type=dir;Modify=19990930152225;Unique=keVO1+YZ5; /tmp
S> 250 End
C> OPTS mlst fish;cakes;
S> 200 MLST OPTS
C> MLst tmp
S> 250- Listing tmp
S> /tmp
S> 250 End
C> OptS Mlst Modify;Unique;
S> 200 MLST OPTS Modify;Unique;
C> MLst tmp
S> 250- Listing tmp
S> Modify=19990930152225;Unique=keVO1+YZ5; /tmp
S> 250 End
C> opts MLst fish cakes;
S> 501 Invalid MLST options
C> MLst tmp
S> 250- Listing tmp
S> Modify=19990930152225;Unique=keVO1+YZ5; /tmp
S> 250 End
This example shows the effect of changing the facts requested upon
subsequent MLST commands. Notice that a syntax error leaves the set
of selected facts unchanged. Also notice exactly two spaces
preceding the pathname when no facts were selected, either
deliberately, or because none of the facts requested were available.
8. Impact on Other FTP Commands
Along with the introduction of MLST, traditional FTP commands must be
extended to allow for the use of more than US-ASCII [1] or EBCDIC
character sets. In general, the support of MLST requires support for
arbitrary character sets wherever file names and directory names are
allowed. This applies equally to both arguments given to the
following commands and to the replies from them, as appropriate.
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APPE RMD
CWD RNFR
DELE RNTO
MKD STAT
PWD STOR
RETR STOU
The arguments to all of these commands should be processed the same
way that MLST commands and responses are processed with respect to
handling embedded spaces, CRs and NULs. See section 2.2.
9. Character Sets and Internationalization
FTP commands are protocol elements, and are always expressed in
ASCII. FTP responses are composed of the numeric code, which is a
protocol element, and a message, which is often expected to convey
information to the user. It is not expected that users normally
interact directly with the protocol elements, rather the user-FTP
process constructs the commands, and interprets the results, in the
manner best suited for the particular user. Explanatory text in
responses generally has no particular meaning to the protocol. The
numeric codes provide all necessary information. Server-PIs are free
to provide the text in any language that can be adequately
represented in ASCII, or where an alternative language and
representation has been negotiated (see [7]) in that language and
representation.
Pathnames are expected to be encoded in UTF-8 allowing essentially
any character to be represented in a pathname. Meaningful pathnames
are defined by the server NVFS.
No restrictions at all are placed upon the contents of files
transferred using the FTP protocols. Unless the "media-type" fact is
provided in a MLSx response nor is any advice given here that would
allow determining the content type. That information is assumed to
be obtained via other means.
10. IANA Considerations
This specification makes use of some lists of values currently
maintained by the IANA, and creates two new lists for the IANA to
maintain. It does not add any values to any existing registries.
The existing IANA registries used by this specification are modified
using mechanisms specified elsewhere.
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10.1. The OS-Specific Fact Registry
A registry of OS specific fact names shall be maintained by the IANA.
The OS names for the OS portion of the fact name must be taken from
the IANA's list of registered OS names. To add a fact name to this
OS specific registry of OS specific facts, an applicant must send to
the IANA a request, in which is specified the OS name, the OS
specific fact name, a definition of the syntax of the fact value,
which must conform to the syntax of a token as given in this
document, and a specification of the semantics to be associated with
the particular fact and its values. Upon receipt of such an
application, and if the combination of OS name and OS specific fact
name has not been previously defined, the IANA will add the
specification to the registry.
Any examples of OS specific facts found in this document are to be
treated as examples of possible OS specific facts, and do not form a
part of the IANA's registry merely because of being included in this
document.
10.2. The OS-Specific Filetype Registry
A registry of OS specific file types shall be maintained by the IANA.
The OS names for the OS portion of the fact name must be taken from
the IANA's list of registered OS names. To add a file type to this
OS specific registry of OS specific file types, an applicant must
send to the IANA a request, in which is specified the OS name, the OS
specific file type, a definition of the syntax of the fact value,
which must conform to the syntax of a token as given in this
document, and a specification of the semantics to be associated with
the particular fact and its values. Upon receipt of such an
application, and if the combination of OS name and OS specific file
type has not been previously defined, the IANA will add the
specification to the registry.
Any examples of OS specific file types found in this document are to
be treated as potential OS specific file types only, and do not form
a part of the IANA's registry merely because of being included in
this document.
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11. Security Considerations
This memo does not directly concern security. It is not believed
that any of the mechanisms documented here impact in any particular
way upon the security of FTP.
Implementing the SIZE command, and perhaps some of the facts of the
MLSx commands, may impose a considerable load on the server, which
could lead to denial of service attacks. Servers have, however,
implemented this for many years, without significant reported
difficulties.
The server-FTP should take care not to reveal sensitive information
about files to unauthorised parties. In particular, some underlying
filesystems provide a file identifier that, if known, can allow many
of the filesystem protection mechanisms to be by-passed. That
identifier would not be a suitable choice to use as the basis of the
value of the unique fact.
The FEAT and OPTS commands may be issued before the FTP
authentication has occurred [6]. This allows unauthenticated clients
to determine which of the features defined here are supported, and to
negotiate the fact list for MLSx output. No actual MLSx commands may
be issued however, and no problems with permitting the selection of
the format prior to authentication are foreseen.
A general discussion of issues related to the security of FTP can be
found in [13].
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12. Normative References
[1] Coded Character Set--7-bit American Standard Code for
Information Interchange, ANSI X3.4-1986.
[2] Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646", RFC
3629, November 2003.
[3] Postel, J. and J. Reynolds, "File Transfer Protocol (FTP)", STD
9, RFC 959, October 1985.
[4] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement
Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[5] Crocker, D. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax
Specifications: ABNF", RFC 4234, October 2005.
[6] Hethmon, P. and R. Elz, "Feature negotiation mechanism for the
File Transfer Protocol", RFC 2389, August 1998.
[7] Curtin, B., "Internationalization of the File Transfer
Protocol", RFC 2640, July 1999.
[8] Postel, J. and J. Reynolds, "Telnet protocol Specification", STD
8, RFC 854, May 1983.
[9] Braden, R,. "Requirements for Internet Hosts -- Application and
Support", STD 3, RFC 1123, October 1989.
[10] ISO/IEC 10646-1:1993 "Universal multiple-octet coded character
set (UCS) -- Part 1: Architecture and basic multilingual plane",
International Standard -- Information Technology, 1993.
[11] Internet Assigned Numbers Authority. http://www.iana.org
Email: iana@iana.org.
[12] Phillips, A. and M. Davis, "Tags for Identifying Languages", BCP
47, RFC 4646, September 2006.
[13] Allman, M. and S. Ostermann, "FTP Security Considerations" RFC
2577, May 1999.
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Acknowledgments
This document is a product of the FTPEXT working group of the IETF.
The following people are among those who have contributed to this
document:
Alex Belits
D. J. Bernstein
Dave Cridland
Martin J. Duerst
Bill Fenner (and the rest of the IESG)
Paul Ford-Hutchinson
Mike Gleason
Mark Harris
Stephen Head
Alun Jones
Andrew Main
James Matthews
Luke Mewburn
Jan Mikkelsen
Keith Moore
Buz Owen
Mark Symons
Stephen Tihor
and the entire FTPEXT working group of the IETF.
Apologies are offered to any inadvertently omitted.
The description of the modifications to the REST command and the MDTM
and SIZE commands comes from a set of modifications suggested for STD
9, RFC 959 by Rick Adams in 1989. A document containing just those
commands, edited by David Borman, has been merged with this document.
Mike Gleason, Alun Jones and Luke Mewburn provided access to FTP
servers used in some of the examples.
All of the examples in this document are taken from actual
client/server exchanges, though some have been edited for brevity, or
to meet document formatting requirements.
RFC Editor Note:
Several of the examples in this document exceed the RFC standard line
length of 72 characters. Since this document is a standards-track
result of an IETF working group and is important to an IETF sub-
community, the RFC Editor is publishing it with the margin
violations. This is not a precedent.
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Author's Address
Paul Hethmon
Hethmon Software
10420 Jackson Oaks Way, Suite 201
Knoxville, TN 37922
EMail: phethmon@hethmon.com
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Full Copyright Statement
Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2007).
This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions
contained in BCP 78, and except as set forth therein, the authors
retain all their rights.
This document and the information contained herein are provided on an
"AS IS" basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE REPRESENTS
OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY, THE IETF TRUST AND
THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS
OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF
THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
Intellectual Property
The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any
Intellectual Property Rights or other rights that might be claimed to
pertain to the implementation or use of the technology described in
this document or the extent to which any license under such rights
might or might not be available; nor does it represent that it has
made any independent effort to identify any such rights. Information
on the procedures with respect to rights in RFC documents can be
found in BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Copies of IPR disclosures made to the IETF Secretariat and any
assurances of licenses to be made available, or the result of an
attempt made to obtain a general license or permission for the use of
such proprietary rights by implementers or users of this
specification can be obtained from the IETF on-line IPR repository at
http://www.ietf.org/ipr.
The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any
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rights that may cover technology that may be required to implement
this standard. Please address the information to the IETF at
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Acknowledgement
Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the
Internet Society.
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