Network Working Group B. Link
Request for Comments: 4184 T. Hager
Category: Standards Track Dolby Laboratories
J. Flaks
Microsoft Corporation
October 2005
RTP Payload Format for AC-3 Audio
Status of This Memo
This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2005).
Abstract
This document describes an RTP payload format for transporting audio
data using the AC-3 audio compression standard. AC-3 is a high
quality, multichannel audio coding system that is used for United
States HDTV, DVD, cable television, satellite television and other
media. The RTP payload format presented in this document includes
support for data fragmentation.
1. Introduction
AC-3 [ATSC] is a high-quality audio codec (audio coding format)
designed to encode multiple channels of audio into a low bit-rate
format. AC-3 achieves its large compression ratios via encoding a
multiplicity of channels as a single entity. Dolby Digital, which is
a branded version of AC-3, encodes up to 5.1 channels of audio.
AC-3 has been adopted as an audio compression scheme for many
consumer and professional applications. It is a mandatory audio
codec for DVD-video, Advanced Television Standards Committee (ATSC)
digital terrestrial television and Digital Living Network Alliance
(DLNA) home networking, as well as an optional multichannel audio
format for DVD-audio.
There is a need to stream AC-3 data over IP networks. The Internet
Real Time Protocol (RTP) provides a mechanism for stream
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synchronization and hence serves as the best transport solution for
AC-3, which is primarily used in audio-for-video applications.
Applications for streaming AC-3 include streaming movies from a home
media server to a display, video on demand, and multichannel Internet
radio.
Section 2 gives a brief overview of the AC-3 algorithm. Section 3
specifies values for fields in the RTP header, while Section 4
specifies the AC-3 payload format. Section 5 discusses media types
and SDP usage. Security considerations are covered in Section 6,
congestion control in Section 7, and IANA considerations in Section
8. References are given in Sections 9 and 10.
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].
2. Overview of AC-3
AC-3 can deliver up to 5.1 channels of audio at data rates
approximately equal to half of one PCM channel [ATSC], [1994AC3],
[1996AC3]. The ".1" refers to a band-limited, optional, low-
frequency effects (LFE) channel. AC-3 was designed for signals
sampled at rates of 32, 44.1, or 48 kHz. Data rates can vary between
32 kbps and 640 kbps, depending on the number of channels and the
desired quality.
AC-3 exploits psycho-acoustic phenomena that cause a significant
fraction of the information contained in a typical audio signal to be
inaudible. Substantial data reduction occurs via the removal of
inaudible information contained in an audio stream. Source coding
techniques are further used to reduce the data rate.
Like most perceptual coders, AC-3 operates in the frequency domain.
A 512-point TDAC transform is taken with 50% overlap, providing 256
new frequency samples. Frequency samples are then converted to
exponents and mantissas. Exponents are differentially encoded.
Mantissas are allocated a varying number of bits depending on the
audibility of the associated spectral components. Audibility is
determined via a masking curve. Bits for mantissas are allocated
from a global bit pool.
2.1. AC-3 Bit Stream
AC-3 bit streams are organized into synchronization frames. Each
AC-3 frame contains a Synchronization Information (SI) field, a Bit
Stream Information (BSI) field, and 6 audio blocks (ABs) that each
represent 256 PCM samples for all channels. The frame ends with an
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optional auxiliary data field (AUX) and an error correction field
(CRC). The entire frame represents the time duration of 1536 PCM
samples across all coded channels [ATSC]. AC-3 encodes audio sampled
at 32 kHz, 44.1 kHz, and 48 kHz. From Annex A, Part 2, of [ATSC],
the time duration of an AC-3 frame varies with the sampling rate as
follows:
Sampling rate Frame duration
_____________________________________
48 kHz 32 ms
44.1 kHz approx. 34.83 ms
32 kHz 48 ms
Figure 1 shows the AC-3 frame format.
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|SI |BSI| AB0 | AB1 | AB2 | AB3 | AB4 | AB5 |AUX|CRC|
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 1. AC-3 Frame Format
The Synchronization Information field contains information needed to
acquire and maintain codec synchronization. The Bit Stream
Information field contains parameters that describe the coded audio
service [ATSC]. Each audio block contains fields that indicate the
use of various coding tools: block switching, dither, coupling, and
exponent strategy. They also contain metadata, optionally used to
enhance the playback, such as dynamic range control. Finally, the
exponents and bit allocation data needed to decode the mantissas into
audio data, and the mantissas themselves, are included. The
placement of these fields in an AC-3 audio block is shown in Figure
2. The fields shown in this figure are described in detail in
[ATSC]. Note that field sizes vary depending on the coded data.
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Block |Dither |Dynamic |Coupling |Coupling |Exponent |
| Switch |Flags |Range Ctrl |Strategy |Coordinates |Strategy |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Exponents | Bit Allocation | Mantissas |
| | Parameters | |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 2. AC-3 Audio Block Format
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3. RTP AC-3 Header Fields
o Payload Type (PT): The assignment of an RTP payload type for this
packet format is outside the scope of this document. It is
specified by the RTP profile under which this payload format is
used, or signaled dynamically out-of-band (e.g., using SDP).
o Marker (M) bit: The M bit is set to one to indicate that the RTP
packet payload contains at least one complete AC-3 frame or
contains the final fragment of an AC-3 frame.
o Extension (X) bit: Defined by the RTP profile used.
o Timestamp: A 32-bit word that corresponds to the sampling instant
for the first AC-3 frame in the RTP packet. Packets containing
fragments of the same frame MUST have the same time stamp. The
timestamp of the first RTP packet sent SHOULD be selected at
random. Thereafter, the timestamp increases linearly with the
number of samples included in each frame (i.e., by 1536 for each
frame).
4. RTP AC-3 Payload Format
This payload format is defined for AC-3, as defined in the main part
and Annex D of [ATSC]. It is not defined for E-AC-3, as defined in
Annex E of [ATSC], and it MUST NOT be used to carry E-AC-3.
According to [RFC2736], RTP payload formats should contain an
integral number of application data units (ADUs). The AC-3 frame
corresponds to an ADU, in the context of this payload format. Each
RTP payload MUST start with the two-byte payload header followed by
an integral number of complete AC-3 frames or by a single fragment of
an AC-3 frame.
If an AC-3 frame exceeds the MTU for a network, it SHOULD be
fragmented for transmission within an RTP packet. Section 4.2
provides guidelines for creating frame fragments.
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4.1. Payload-Specific Header
There is a two-octet Payload Header at the beginning of each payload.
4.1.1. Payload Header
Each AC-3 RTP payload MUST begin with the payload header shown in
Figure 3.
0 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| MBZ | FT| NF |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 3. AC-3 RTP Payload Header
o MBZ (Must Be Zero): Bits marked MBZ SHALL be set to the value zero
and SHALL be ignored by receivers. The bits are reserved for
future extensions.
o FT (Frame Type): This two-bit field indicates the type of frame(s)
present in the payload. It takes the following values:
0 - One or more complete frames.
1 - Initial fragment of frame which includes the first 5/8ths of
the frame. (See Section 4.2.)
2 - Initial fragment of frame, which does not include the first
5/8ths of the frame.
3 - Fragment of frame other than initial fragment. (Note that M
bit in RTP header is set for final fragment).
o NF (Number of frames/fragments): An 8-bit field whose meaning
depends on the Frame Type (FT) in this payload. For complete
frames (FT of 0), it is used to indicate the number of AC-3 frames
in the RTP payload. For frame fragments (FT of 1, 2, or 3), it is
used to indicate the number fragments (and therefore packets) that
make up the current frame. NF MUST be identical for packets
containing fragments of the same frame.
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Figure 4 shows the full AC-3 RTP payload format.
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+- .. +-+-+-+-+
| Payload | Frame | Frame | | Frame |
| Header | (1) | (2) | | (n) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+- .. +-+-+-+-+
Figure 4. Full AC-3 RTP payload
When receiving AC-3 payloads with FT = 0 and more than a single frame
(NF > 1), a receiver needs to use the "frmsizecod" field in the
Synchronization Information (syncinfo) block in each AC-3 frame to
determine the frame's length. That way a receiver can determine the
boundary of the next frame. Note that the frame length may vary from
frame to frame.
4.2. Fragmentation of AC-3 Frames
The size of an AC-3 frame depends on the sample rate of the audio and
the data rate used by the encoder (which are indicated in the
"Synchronization Information" header in the AC-3 frame). The size of
a frame, for a given sample rate and data rate, is specified in Table
5.18 ("Frame Size Code Table") of [ATSC]. This table shows that AC-3
frames range in size from a minimum of 128 bytes to a maximum of 3840
bytes. If the size of an AC-3 frame exceeds the MTU size, the frame
SHOULD be fragmented at the RTP level. The fragmentation MAY be
performed at any byte boundary in the frame. RTP packets containing
fragments of the same AC-3 frame SHALL be sent in consecutive order,
from first to last fragment. This enables a receiver to assemble the
fragments in correct order.
When an AC-3 frame is fragmented, it MAY be fragmented such that at
least the first 5/8ths of the frame data is in the first fragment.
This provides greater resilience to packet loss. This initial
portion of any frame is guaranteed to contain the data necessary to
decode the first two blocks of the frame. Any frame fragments other
than those containing the first 5/8ths of frame data are only
decodable once the complete frame is received. The 5/8ths point of
the frame is defined in Table 7.34 ("5/8_frame Size Table") of
[ATSC].
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5. Types and Names
5.1. Media Type Registration
This registration uses the template defined in [DRAFT-FREED] and
follows RFC 3555 [RFC3555].
o Type name: audio
o Subtype name: ac3
o Required parameters:
rate: The RTP timestamp clock rate that is equal to the audio
sampling rate. Permitted rates are 32000, 44100, and 48000.
o Optional parameters:
channels: From a sender, the maximum number of channels present in
the AC3 stream. From a receiver, the maximum number of output
channels the receiver will deliver. This MUST be a number
between 1 and 6. The LFE (".1") channel MUST be counted as one
channel. Note that the channel order used in AC-3 differs from
the channel order scheme in [RFC3551]. The AC-3 channel order
scheme can be found in Table 5.8 of [ATSC].
ptime: See RFC 2327 [RFC2327].
maxptime: See RFC 3267 [RFC3267].
o Encoding considerations:
This media type is framed (see section 4.8 in [DRAFT-FREED])
and contains binary data.
o Security considerations:
See Section 6 of this document.
o Interoperability considerations:
None
o Published specification:
This payload format specification and see [ATSC].
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RFC 4184 RTP Payload for AC-3 October 2005
o Applications that use this media type:
Multichannel audio compression of audio and audio for video.
o Additional Information:
Magic number(s):
The first two octets of an AC-3 frame are always the
synchronization word, which has the hex value 0x0B77.
o Person & email address to contact for further information:
Brian Link <bdl@dolby.com>
IETF AVT working group.
o Intended Usage:
COMMON
o Restrictions on usage:
This media type depends on RTP framing, and hence is only
defined for transfer via RTP [RFC3550]. Transport within other
framing protocols is not defined at this time.
Author/Change controller:
IETF Audio/Video Transport Working Group delegated from the
IESG.
5.2. SDP Usage
The information carried in the MIME media type specification has a
specific mapping to fields in the Session Description Protocol (SDP)
[RFC2327], which is commonly used to describe RTP sessions. When SDP
is used to specify sessions employing AC-3, the mapping is as
follows:
o The Media type ("audio") goes in SDP "m=" as the media name.
o The Media subtype ("ac3") goes in SDP "a=rtpmap" as the encoding
name.
o The required parameter "rate" also goes in "a=rtpmap" as the clock
rate, optionally followed by the parameter "channel".
o The optional parameters "ptime" and "maxptime" go in the SDP
"a=ptime" and "a=maxptime" attributes, respectively.
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An example of the SDP data for AC-3:
m=audio 49111 RTP/AVP 100
a=rtpmap:100 ac3/48000/6
Certain considerations are needed when SDP is used to perform
offer/answer exchanges [RFC3264].
o The "rate" is a symmetric parameter, and the answer MUST use
the same value or remove the payload type.
o The "channels" parameter is declarative and indicates, for
recvonly or sendrecv, the desired channel configuration to
receive, and for sendonly, the intended channel configuration
to transmit. All receivers are capable of receiving any of the
defined channel configurations, and the parameter exchange
might be used to help optimize the transmission to the number
of channels the receiver requests. If the "channels" parameter
is omitted, a default maximum value of 6 is implied.
o The "ptime" and "maxptime" parameters are negotiated as defined
for "ptime" in RFC 3264 [RFC3264].
6. Security Considerations
The payload format described in this document is subject to the
security considerations defined in the RTP specification [RFC3550]
and in any applicable RTP profile (e.g., [RFC3551]). To protect the
user's privacy and any copyrighted material, confidentiality
protection would have to be applied. To also protect against
modification by intermediate entities and ensure the authenticity of
the stream, integrity protection and authentication would be
required. Confidentiality, integrity protection, and authentication
have to be provided by a mechanism external to this payload format,
e.g., SRTP [RFC3711].
The AC-3 format is designed so that the validity of data frames can
determined by decoders. A decoder that encounters a malformed frame
discards the malformed data and conceals the errors in the audio
output until a valid frame is detected and decoded. This is expected
to prevent crashes and other abnormal decoder behavior in response to
errors or attacks.
7. Congestion Control
The general congestion control considerations for transporting RTP
data apply to AC-3 audio over RTP as well. See the RTP specification
[RFC3550] and any applicable RTP profile (e.g., [RFC3551]).
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RFC 4184 RTP Payload for AC-3 October 2005
AC-3 encoders may use a range of bit rates to encode audio data, so
it is possible to adapt network bandwidth by adjusting the encoder
bit rate in real time or by having multiple copies of content encoded
at different bit rates. Additionally, packing more frames in each
RTP payload can reduce the number of packets sent and hence the
overhead from IP/UDP/RTP headers, at the expense of increased delay
and reduced robustness against packet losses.
8. IANA Considerations
A new media subtype has been assigned for AC-3; see Section 5.1.
9. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key Words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", RFC 2119, March 1997.
[ATSC] U.S. Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC),
"ATSC Standard: Digital Audio Compression (AC-3),
Revision B," Doc A/52B, June 2005.
[RFC2327] Handley, M. and V. Jacobson, "SDP: Session Description
Protocol", RFC 2327, April 1998.
[RFC3550] Schulzrinne, H., Casner, S., Frederick, R., and V.
Jacobson, "RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time
Applications", STD 64, RFC 3550, July 2003.
[RFC3264] Rosenberg, J. and H. Schulzrinne, "An Offer/Answer
Model with Session Description Protocol (SDP)", RFC
3264, June 2002.
[RFC3267] Sjoberg, J., Westerlund, M., Lakaniemi, A., and Q. Xie,
"Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP) Payload Format and
File Storage Format for the Adaptive Multi-Rate (AMR)
and Adaptive Multi-Rate Wideband (AMR-WB) Audio
Codecs", RFC 3267, June 2002.
[RFC3555] Casner, S. and P. Hoschka, "MIME Type Registration of
RTP Payload Formats", RFC 3555, July 2003.
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RFC 4184 RTP Payload for AC-3 October 2005
10. Informative References
[RFC2736] Handley, M. and C. Perkins, "Guidelines for Writers of
RTP Payload Format Specifications", BCP 36, RFC 2736,
December 1999.
[RFC3551] Schulzrinne, H. and S. Casner, "RTP Profile for Audio
and Video Conferences with Minimal Control", STD 65,
RFC 3551, July 2003.
[1994AC3] Todd, C., et al., "AC-3: Flexible Perceptual Coding for
Audio Transmission and Storage," Preprint 3796,
Presented at the 96th Convention of the Audio
Engineering Society, May 1994.
[1996AC3] Fielder, L., et al., "AC-2 and AC-3: Low-Complexity
Transform-Based Audio Coding," Collected Papers on
Digital Audio Bit-Rate Reduction, pp. 54-72, Audio
Engineering Society, September 1996.
[RFC3711] Baugher, M., et al., "The Secure Real-time Transport
Protocol (SRTP)", RFC 3711, March 2004.
[DRAFT-FREED] Freed, N. and Klensin, J., "Media Type Specifications
and Registration Procedures", Work in Progress, April
2005.
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Authors' Addresses
Brian Link
Dolby Laboratories
100 Potrero Ave
San Francisco, CA 94103
Phone: +1 415 558 0200
EMail: bdl@dolby.com
Todd Hager
Dolby Laboratories
100 Potrero Ave
San Francisco, CA 94103
Phone: +1 415 558 0136
EMail: thh@dolby.com
Jason Flaks
Microsoft Corporation
1 Microsoft Way
Redmond, WA 98052
Phone: +1 425 722 2543
EMail: jasonfl@microsoft.com
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RFC 4184 RTP Payload for AC-3 October 2005
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