Network Working Group M. Behringer
Request for Comments: 4381 Cisco Systems Inc
Category: Informational February 2006
Analysis of the Security of BGP/MPLS IP
Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)
Status of This Memo
This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does
not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this
memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2006).
IESG Note
The content of this RFC was at one time considered by the IETF, and
therefore it may resemble a current IETF work in progress or a
published IETF work. This RFC is not a candidate for any level of
Internet Standard. The IETF disclaims any knowledge of the fitness
of this RFC for any purpose, and in particular notes that the
decision to publish is not based on IETF review for such things as
security, congestion control or inappropriate interaction with
deployed protocols. The RFC Editor has chosen to publish this
document at its discretion. Readers of this RFC should exercise
caution in evaluating its value for implementation and deployment.
See RFC 3932 for more information.
Abstract
This document analyses the security of the BGP/MPLS IP virtual
private network (VPN) architecture that is described in RFC 4364, for
the benefit of service providers and VPN users.
The analysis shows that BGP/MPLS IP VPN networks can be as secure as
traditional layer-2 VPN services using Asynchronous Transfer Mode
(ATM) or Frame Relay.
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Table of Contents
1. Scope and Introduction ..........................................3
2. Security Requirements of VPN Networks ...........................4
2.1. Address Space, Routing, and Traffic Separation .............4
2.2. Hiding the Core Infrastructure .............................5
2.3. Resistance to Attacks ......................................5
2.4. Impossibility of Label Spoofing ............................6
3. Analysis of BGP/MPLS IP VPN Security ............................6
3.1. Address Space, Routing, and Traffic Separation .............6
3.2. Hiding of the BGP/MPLS IP VPN Core Infrastructure ..........7
3.3. Resistance to Attacks ......................................9
3.4. Label Spoofing ............................................11
3.5. Comparison with ATM/FR VPNs ...............................12
4. Security of Advanced BGP/MPLS IP VPN Architectures .............12
4.1. Carriers' Carrier .........................................13
4.2. Inter-Provider Backbones ..................................14
5. What BGP/MPLS IP VPNs Do Not Provide ...........................16
5.1. Protection against Misconfigurations of the Core
and Attacks 'within' the Core .............................16
5.2. Data Encryption, Integrity, and Origin Authentication .....17
5.3. Customer Network Security .................................17
6. Layer 2 Security Considerations ................................18
7. Summary and Conclusions ........................................19
8. Security Considerations ........................................20
9. Acknowledgements ...............................................20
10. Normative References ..........................................20
11. Informative References ........................................20
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1. Scope and Introduction
As Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) is becoming a more widespread
technology for providing IP virtual private network (VPN) services,
the security of the BGP/MPLS IP VPN architecture is of increasing
concern to service providers and VPN customers. This document gives
an overview of the security of the BGP/MPLS IP VPN architecture that
is described in RFC 4364 [1], and compares it with the security of
traditional layer-2 services such as ATM or Frame Relay.
The term "MPLS core" is defined for this document as the set of
Provider Edge (PE) and provider (P) routers that provide a BGP/MPLS
IP VPN service, typically under the control of a single service
provider (SP). This document assumes that the MPLS core network is
trusted and secure. Thus, it does not address basic security
concerns such as securing the network elements against unauthorised
access, misconfigurations of the core, or attacks internal to the
core. A customer that does not wish to trust the service provider
network must use additional security mechanisms such as IPsec over
the MPLS infrastructure.
This document analyses only the security features of BGP/MPLS IP
VPNs, not the security of routing protocols in general. IPsec
technology is also not covered, except to highlight the combination
of MPLS VPNs with IPsec.
The overall security of a system has three aspects: the architecture,
the implementation, and the operation of the system. Security issues
can exist in any of these aspects. This document analyses only the
architectural security of BGP/MPLS IP VPNs, not implementation or
operational security issues.
This document is targeted at technical staff of service providers and
enterprises. Knowledge of the basic BGP/MPLS IP VPN architecture as
described in RFC 4364 [1] is required to understand this document.
For specific Layer 3 VPN terminology and reference models refer to
[11].
Section 2 of this document specifies the typical VPN requirements a
VPN user might have, and section 3 analyses how RFC 4364 [1]
addresses these requirements. Section 4 discusses specific security
issues of multi-AS (Autonomous System) MPLS architectures, and
section 5 lists security features that are not covered by this
architecture and therefore need to be addressed separately. Section
6 highlights potential security issues on layer 2 that might impact
the overall security of a BGP/MPLS IP VPN service. The findings of
this document are summarized in section 7.
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2. Security Requirements of VPN Networks
Both service providers offering any type of VPN services and
customers using them have specific demands for security. Mostly,
they compare MPLS-based solutions with traditional layer 2-based VPN
solutions such as Frame Relay and ATM, since these are widely
deployed and accepted. This section outlines the typical security
requirements for VPN networks. The following section discusses if
and how BGP/MPLS IP VPNs address these requirements, for both the
MPLS core and the connected VPNs.
2.1. Address Space, Routing, and Traffic Separation
Non-intersecting layer 3 VPNs of the same VPN service are assumed to
have independent address spaces. For example, two non-intersecting
VPNs may each use the same 10/8 network addresses without conflict.
In addition, traffic from one VPN must never enter another VPN. This
implies separation of routing protocol information, so that routing
tables must also be separate per VPN. Specifically:
o Any VPN must be able to use the same address space as any other
VPN.
o Any VPN must be able to use the same address space as the MPLS
core.
o Traffic, including routing traffic, from one VPN must never flow
to another VPN.
o Routing information, as well as distribution and processing of
that information, for one VPN instance must be independent from
any other VPN instance.
o Routing information, as well as distribution and processing of
that information, for one VPN instance must be independent from
the core.
From a security point of view, the basic requirement is to prevent
packets destined to a host a.b.c.d within a given VPN reaching a host
with the same address in another VPN or in the core, and to prevent
routing packets to another VPN even if it does not contain that
destination address.
Confidentiality, as defined in the L3VPN Security Framework [11], is
a requirement that goes beyond simple isolation of VPNs and provides
protection against eavesdropping on any transmission medium.
Encryption is the mechanism used to provide confidentiality. This
document considers confidentiality an optional VPN requirement, since
many existing VPN deployments do not encrypt transit traffic.
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2.2. Hiding the Core Infrastructure
The internal structure of the core network (MPLS PE and P elements)
should not be externally visible. Whilst breaking this requirement
is not a security problem in itself, many service providers believe
it is advantageous if the internal addresses and network structure
are hidden from the outside world. An argument is that denial-of-
service (DoS) attacks against a core router are much easier to carry
out if an attacker knows the router addresses. Addresses can always
be guessed, but attacks are more difficult if addresses are not
known. The core should be as invisible to the outside world as a
comparable layer 2 infrastructure (e.g., Frame Relay, ATM). Core
network elements should also not be accessible from within a VPN.
Security should never rely entirely on obscurity, i.e., the hiding of
information. Services should be equally secure if the implementation
is known. However, there is a strong market perception that hiding
of details is advantageous. This point addresses that market
perception.
2.3. Resistance to Attacks
There are two basic types of attacks: DoS attacks, where resources
become unavailable to authorised users, and intrusions, where
resources become available to unauthorised users. BGP/MPLS IP VPN
networks must provide at least the same level of protection against
both forms of attack as current layer 2 networks.
For intrusions, there are two fundamental ways to protect the
network: first, to harden protocols that could be abused (e.g.,
Telnet into a router), and second, to make the network as
inaccessible as possible. This is achieved by a combination of
packet filtering / firewalling and address hiding, as discussed
above.
DoS attacks are easier to execute, since a single known IP address
might be enough information to attack a machine. This can be done
using normal "permitted" traffic, but using higher than normal packet
rates, so that other users cannot access the targeted machine. The
only way to be invulnerable to this kind of attack is to make sure
that machines are not reachable, again by packet filtering and
optionally by address hiding.
This document concentrates on protecting the core network against
attacks from the "outside", i.e., the Internet and connected VPNs.
Protection against attacks from the "inside", i.e., an attacker who
has logical or physical access to the core network, is not discussed
here.
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2.4. Impossibility of Label Spoofing
Assuming the address and traffic separation discussed above, an
attacker might try to access other VPNs by inserting packets with a
label that he does not "own". This could be done from the outside,
i.e., another Customer Edge (CE) router or from the Internet, or from
within the MPLS core. The latter case (from within the core) will
not be discussed, since we assume that the core network is provided
securely. Should protection against an insecure core be required, it
is necessary to use security protocols such as IPsec across the MPLS
infrastructure, at least from CE to CE, since the PEs belong to the
core.
Depending on the way that CE routers are connected to PE routers, it
might be possible to intrude into a VPN that is connected to the same
PE, using layer 2 attack mechanisms such as 802.1Q-label spoofing or
ATM VPI/VCI spoofing. Layer 2 security issues will be discussed in
section 6.
It is required that VPNs cannot abuse the MPLS label mechanisms or
protocols to gain unauthorised access to other VPNs or the core.
3. Analysis of BGP/MPLS IP VPN Security
In this section, the BGP/MPLS IP VPN architecture is analysed with
respect to the security requirements listed above.
3.1. Address Space, Routing, and Traffic Separation
BGP/MPLS allows distinct IP VPNs to use the same address space, which
can also be private address space (RFC 1918 [2]). This is achieved
by adding a 64-bit Route Distinguisher (RD) to each IPv4 route,
making VPN-unique addresses also unique in the MPLS core. This
"extended" address is also called a "VPN-IPv4 address". Thus,
customers of a BGP/MPLS IP VPN service do not need to change their
current addressing plan.
Each PE router maintains a separate Virtual Routing and Forwarding
instance (VRF) for each connected VPN. A VRF includes the addresses
of that VPN as well as the addresses of the PE routers with which the
CE routers are peering. All addresses of a VRF, including these PE
addresses, belong logically to the VPN and are accessible from the
VPN. The fact that PE addresses are accessible to the VPN is not an
issue if static routing is used between the PE and CE routers, since
packet filters can be deployed to block access to all addresses of
the VRF on the PE router. If dynamic routing protocols are used, the
CE routers need to have the address of the peer PE router in the core
configured. In an environment where the service provider manages the
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CE routers as CPE, this can be invisible to the customer. The
address space on the CE-PE link (including the peering PE address) is
considered part of the VPN address space. Since address space can
overlap between VPNs, the CE-PE link addresses can overlap between
VPNs. For practical management considerations, SPs typically address
CE-PE links from a global pool, maintaining uniqueness across the
core.
Routing separation between VPNs can also be achieved. Each VRF is
populated with routes from one VPN through statically configured
routes or through routing protocols that run between the PE and CE
router. Since each VPN is associated with a separate VRF there is no
interference between VPNs on the PE router.
Across the core to the other PE routers separation is maintained with
unique VPN identifiers in multiprotocol BGP, the Route Distinguishers
(RDs). VPN routes including the RD are exclusively exchanged between
PE routers by Multi-Protocol BGP (MP-BGP, RFC 2858 [8]) across the
core. These BGP routing updates are not re-distributed into the
core, but only to the other PE routers, where the information is kept
again in VPN-specific VRFs. Thus, routing across a BGP/MPLS network
is separate per VPN.
On the data plane, traffic separation is achieved by the ingress PE
pre-pending a VPN-specific label to the packets. The packets with
the VPN labels are sent through the core to the egress PE, where the
VPN label is used to select the egress VRF.
Given the addressing, routing, and traffic separation across an BGP/
MPLS IP VPN core network, it can be assumed that this architecture
offers in this respect the same security as a layer-2 VPN. It is not
possible to intrude from a VPN or the core into another VPN unless
this has been explicitly configured.
If and when confidentiality is required, it can be achieved in BGP/
MPLS IP VPNs by overlaying encryption services over the network.
However, encryption is not a standard service on BGP/MPLS IP VPNs.
See also section 5.2.
3.2. Hiding of the BGP/MPLS IP VPN Core Infrastructure
Service providers and end-customers do not normally want their
network topology revealed to the outside. This makes attacks more
difficult to execute: If an attacker doesn't know the address of a
victim, he can only guess the IP addresses to attack. Since most DoS
attacks don't provide direct feedback to the attacker it would be
difficult to attack the network. It has to be mentioned specifically
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that information hiding as such does not provide security. However,
in the market this is a perceived requirement.
With a known IP address, a potential attacker can launch a DoS attack
more easily against that device. Therefore, the ideal is to not
reveal any information about the internal network to the outside
world. This applies to the customer network and the core. A number
of additional security measures also have to be taken: most of all,
extensive packet filtering.
For security reasons, it is recommended for any core network to
filter packets from the "outside" (Internet or connected VPNs)
destined to the core infrastructure. This makes it very hard to
attack the core, although some functionality such as pinging core
routers will be lost. Traceroute across the core will still work,
since it addresses a destination outside the core.
MPLS does not reveal unnecessary information to the outside, not even
to customer VPNs. The addressing of the core can be done with
private addresses (RFC 1918 [2]) or public addresses. Since the
interface to the VPNs as well as the Internet is BGP, there is no
need to reveal any internal information. The only information
required in the case of a routing protocol between PE and CE is the
address of the PE router. If no dynamic routing is required, static
routing on unnumbered interfaces can be configured between the PE and
CE. With this measure, the BGP/MPLS IP VPN core can be kept
completely hidden.
Customer VPNs must advertise their routes to the BGP/MPLS IP VPN core
(dynamically or statically), to ensure reachability across their VPN.
In some cases, VPN users prefer that the service provider have no
visibility of the addressing plan of the VPN. The following has to
be noted: First, the information known to the core is not about
specific hosts, but networks (routes); this offers a degree of
abstraction. Second, in a VPN-only BGP/MPLS IP VPN network (no
Internet access) this is equal to existing layer-2 models, where the
customer has to trust the service provider. Also, in a Frame Relay
or ATM network, routing and addressing information about the VPNs can
be seen on the core network.
In a VPN service with shared Internet access, the service provider
will typically announce the routes of customers who wish to use the
Internet to his upstream or peer providers. This can be done
directly if the VPN customer uses public address space, or via
Network Address Translation (NAT) to obscure the addressing
information of the customers' networks. In either case, the customer
does not reveal more information than would be revealed by a general
Internet service. Core information will not be revealed, except for
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the peering address(es) of the PE router(s) that hold(s) the peering
with the Internet. These addresses must be secured as in a
traditional IP backbone.
In summary, in a pure MPLS-VPN service, where no Internet access is
provided, information hiding is as good as on a comparable FR or ATM
network. No addressing information is revealed to third parties or
the Internet. If a customer chooses to access the Internet via the
BGP/MPLS IP VPN core, he will have to reveal the same information as
required for a normal Internet service. NAT can be used for further
obscurity. Being reachable from the Internet automatically exposes a
customer network to additional security threats. Appropriate
security mechanisms have to be deployed such as firewalls and
intrusion detection systems. This is true for any Internet access,
over MPLS or direct.
A BGP/MPLS IP VPN network with no interconnections to the Internet
has security equal to that of FR or ATM VPN networks. With an
Internet access from the MPLS cloud, the service provider has to
reveal at least one IP address (of the peering PE router) to the next
provider, and thus to the outside world.
3.3. Resistance to Attacks
Section 3.1 shows that it is impossible to directly intrude into
other VPNs. Another possibility is to attack the MPLS core and try
to attack other VPNs from there. As shown above, it is impossible to
address a P router directly. The only addresses reachable from a VPN
or the Internet are the peering addresses of the PE routers. Thus,
there are two basic ways that the BGP/MPLS IP VPN core can be
attacked:
1. By attacking the PE routers directly.
2. By attacking the signaling mechanisms of MPLS (mostly routing).
To attack an element of a BGP/MPLS IP VPN network, it is first
necessary to know the address of the element. As discussed in
section 3.2, the addressing structure of the BGP/MPLS IP VPN core is
hidden from the outside world. Thus, an attacker cannot know the IP
address of any router in the core to attack. The attacker could
guess addresses and send packets to these addresses. However, due to
the address separation of MPLS each incoming packet will be treated
as belonging to the address space of the customer. Thus, it is
impossible to reach an internal router, even by guessing IP
addresses. There is only one exception to this rule, which is the
peer interface of the PE router. This address of the PE is the only
attack point from the outside (a VPN or Internet).
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The routing between a VPN and the BGP/MPLS IP VPN core can be
configured two ways:
1. Static: In this case, the PE routers are configured with static
routes to the networks behind each CE, and the CEs are configured
to statically point to the PE router for any network in other
parts of the VPN (mostly a default route). There are two sub-
cases: The static route can point to the IP address of the PE
router or to an interface of the CE router (e.g., serial0).
2. Dynamic: A routing protocol (e.g., Routing Information Protocol
(RIP), OSPF, BGP) is used to exchange routing information between
the CE and PE at each peering point.
In the case of a static route that points to an interface, the CE
router doesn't need to know any IP addresses of the core network or
even of the PE router. This has the disadvantage of needing a more
extensive (static) configuration, but is the most secure option. In
this case, it is also possible to configure packet filters on the PE
interface to deny any packet to the PE interface. This protects the
router and the whole core from attack.
In all other cases, each CE router needs to know at least the router
ID (RID, i.e., peer IP address) of the PE router in the core, and
thus has a potential destination for an attack. One could imagine
various attacks on various services running on a router. In
practice, access to the PE router over the CE-PE interface can be
limited to the required routing protocol by using access control
lists (ACLs). This limits the point of attack to one routing
protocol, for example, BGP. A potential attack could be to send an
extensive number of routes, or to flood the PE router with routing
updates. Both could lead to a DoS, however, not to unauthorised
access.
To reduce this risk, it is necessary to configure the routing
protocol on the PE router to operate as securely as possible. This
can be done in various ways:
o By accepting only routing protocol packets, and only from the CE
router. The inbound ACL on each CE interface of the PE router
should allow only routing protocol packets from the CE to the PE.
o By configuring MD5 authentication for routing protocols. This is
available for BGP (RFC 2385 [6]), OSPF (RFC 2154 [4]), and RIP2
(RFC 2082 [3]), for example. This avoids packets being spoofed
from other parts of the customer network than the CE router. It
requires the service provider and customer to agree on a shared
secret between all CE and PE routers. It is necessary to do this
for all VPN customers. It is not sufficient to do this only for
the customer with the highest security requirements.
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o By configuring parameters of the routing protocol to further
secure this communication. For example, the rate of routing
updates should be restricted where possible (in BGP through
damping); a maximum number of routes accepted per VRF and per
routing neighbor should be configured where possible; and the
Generalized TTL Security Mechanism (GTSM; RFC 3682 [10]) should be
used for all supported protocols.
In summary, it is not possible to intrude from one VPN into other
VPNs, or the core. However, it is theoretically possible to attack
the routing protocol port to execute a DoS attack against the PE
router. This in turn might have a negative impact on other VPNs on
this PE router. For this reason, PE routers must be extremely well
secured, especially on their interfaces to CE routers. ACLs must be
configured to limit access only to the port(s) of the routing
protocol, and only from the CE router. Further routing protocols'
security mechanisms such as MD5 authentication, maximum prefix
limits, and Time to Live (TTL) security mechanisms should be used on
all PE-CE peerings. With all these security measures, the only
possible attack is a DoS attack against the routing protocol itself.
BGP has a number of countermeasures such as prefix filtering and
damping built into the protocol, to assist with stability. It is
also easy to track the source of such a potential DoS attack.
Without dynamic routing between CEs and PEs, the security is
equivalent to the security of ATM or Frame Relay networks.
3.4. Label Spoofing
Similar to IP spoofing attacks, where an attacker fakes the source IP
address of a packet, it is also theoretically possible to spoof the
label of an MPLS packet. In the first section, the assumption was
made that the core network is trusted. If this assumption cannot be
made, IPsec must be run over the MPLS cloud. Thus in this section
the emphasis is on whether it is possible to insert packets with
spoofed labels into the MPLS network from the outside, i.e., from a
VPN (CE router) or from the Internet.
The interface between a CE router and its peering PE router is an IP
interface, i.e., without labels. The CE router is unaware of the
MPLS core, and thinks it is sending IP packets to another router.
The "intelligence" is done in the PE device, where, based on the
configuration, the label is chosen and pre-pended to the packet.
This is the case for all PE routers, towards CE routers as well as
the upstream service provider. All interfaces into the MPLS cloud
only require IP packets, without labels.
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For security reasons, a PE router should never accept a packet with a
label from a CE router. RFC 3031 [9] specifies: "Therefore, when a
labeled packet is received with an invalid incoming label, it MUST be
discarded, UNLESS it is determined by some means (not within the
scope of the current document) that forwarding it unlabeled cannot
cause any harm." Since accepting labels on the CE interface would
potentially allow passing packets to other VPNs it is not permitted
by the RFC.
Thus, it is impossible for an outside attacker to send labeled
packets into the BGP/MPLS IP VPN core.
There remains the possibility to spoof the IP address of a packet
being sent to the MPLS core. Since there is strict address
separation within the PE router, and each VPN has its own VRF, this
can only harm the VPN the spoofed packet originated from; that is, a
VPN customer can attack only himself. MPLS doesn't add any security
risk here.
The Inter-AS and Carrier's Carrier cases are special cases, since on
the interfaces between providers typically packets with labels are
exchanged. See section 4 for an analysis of these architectures.
3.5. Comparison with ATM/FR VPNs
ATM and FR VPN services enjoy a very high reputation in terms of
security. Although ATM and FR VPNs can be provided in a secure
manner, it has been reported that these technologies also can have
security vulnerabilities [14]. In ATM/FR as in any other networking
technology, the security depends on the configuration of the network
being secure, and errors can also lead to security problems.
4. Security of Advanced BGP/MPLS IP VPN Architectures
The BGP/MPLS IP VPN architecture described in RFC 2547 [7] defines
the PE-CE interface as the only external interface seen from the
service provider network. In this case, the PE treats the CE as
untrusted and only accepts IP packets from the CE. The IP address
range is treated as belonging to the VPN of the CE, so the PE
maintains full control over VPN separation.
RFC 4364 [1] has subsequently defined a more complex architecture,
with more open interfaces. These interfaces allow the exchange of
label information and labeled packets to and from devices outside the
control of the service provider. This section discusses the security
implications of this advanced architecture.
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4.1. Carriers' Carrier
In the Carriers' Carrier (CsC) architecture, the CE is linked to a
VRF on the PE. The CE may send labeled packets to the PE. The label
has been previously assigned by the PE to the CE, and represents the
label switched path (LSP) from this CE to the remote CE via the
carrier's network.
RFC 4364 [1] specifies for this case: "When the PE receives a labeled
packet from a CE, it must verify that the top label is one that was
distributed to that CE." This ensures that the CE can only use
labels that the PE correctly associates with the corresponding VPN.
Packets with incorrect labels will be discarded, and thus label
spoofing is impossible.
The use of label maps on the PE leaves the control of the label
information entirely with the PE, so that this has no impact on the
security of the solution.
The packet underneath the top label will -- as in standard RFC 2547
[7] networks -- remain local to the customer carrier's VPN and not be
inspected in the carriers' carrier core. Potential spoofing of
subsequent labels or IP addresses remains local to the carrier's VPN;
it has no implication on the carriers' carrier core nor on other VPNs
in that core. This is specifically stated in section 6 of RFC 4364
[1].
Note that if the PE and CE are interconnected using a shared layer 2
infrastructure such as a switch, attacks are possible on layer 2,
which might enable a third party on the shared layer 2 network to
intrude into a VPN on that PE router. RFC 4364 [1] specifies
therefore that either all devices on a shared layer 2 network have to
be part of the same VPN, or the layer 2 network must be split
logically to avoid this issue. This will be discussed in more detail
in section 6.
In the CsC architecture, the customer carrier needs to trust the
carriers' carrier for correct configuration and operation. The
customer of the carrier thus implicitly needs to trust both his
carrier and the carriers' carrier.
In summary, a correctly configured carriers' carrier network provides
the same level of security as comparable layer 2 networks or
traditional RFC 2547 [7] networks.
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4.2. Inter-Provider Backbones
RFC 4364 [1] specifies three sub-cases for the inter-provider
backbone (Inter-AS) case.
a) VRF-to-VRF connections at the autonomous system border routers
(ASBRs).
In this case, each PE sees and treats the other PE as a CE; each will
not accept labeled packets, and there is no signaling between the PEs
other than inside the VRFs on both sides. Thus, the separation of
the VPNs on both sides and the security of those are the same as on a
single AS RFC 2547 [7] network. This has already been shown to have
the same security properties as traditional layer 2 VPNs.
This solution has potential scalability issues in that the ASBRs need
to maintain a VRF per VPN, and all of the VRFs need to hold all
routes of the specific VPNs. Thus, an ASBR can run into memory
problems affecting all VPNs if one single VRF contains too many
routes. Thus, the service providers needs to ensure that the ASBRs
are properly dimensioned and apply appropriate security measures such
as limiting the number of prefixes per VRF.
The two service providers connecting their VPNs in this way must
trust each other. Since the VPNs are separated on different
(sub-)interfaces, all signaling between ASBRs remains within a given
VPN. This means that dynamic cross-VPN security breaches are
impossible. It is conceivable that a service provider connects a
specific VPN to the wrong interface, thus interconnecting two VPNs
that should not be connected. This must be controlled operationally.
b) EBGP redistribution of labeled VPN-IPv4 routes from AS to
neighboring AS.
In this case, ASBRs on both sides hold full routing information for
all shared VPNs on both sides. This is not held in separate VRFs,
but in the BGP database. (This is typically limited to the Inter-AS
VPNs through filtering.) The separation inside the PE is maintained
through the use of VPN-IPv4 addresses. The control plane between the
ASBRs uses Multi-Protocol BGP (MP-BGP, RFC 2858 [8]). It exchanges
VPN routes as VPN-IPv4 addresses, the ASBR addresses as BGP next-hop
IPv4 addresses, and labels to be used in the data plane.
The data plane is separated through the use of a single label,
representing a VRF or a subset thereof. RFC 4364 [1] states that an
ASBR should only accept packets with a label that it has assigned to
this router. This prevents the insertion of packets with unknown
labels, but it is possible for a service provider to use any label
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that the ASBR of the other provider has passed on. This allows one
provider to insert packets into any VPN of the other provider for
which it has a label.
This solution also needs to consider the security on layer 2 at the
interconnection. The RFC states that this type of interconnection
should only be implemented on private interconnection points. See
section 6 for more details.
RFC 4364 [1] states that a trust relationship between the two
connecting ASes must exist for this model to work securely.
Effectively, all ASes interconnected in this way form a single zone
of trust. The VPN customer needs to trust all the service providers
involved in the provisioning of his VPN on this architecture.
c) PEs exchange labeled VPN-IPv4 routes, ASBRs only exchange
loopbacks of PEs with labels.
In this solution, there are effectively two control connections
between ASes. The route reflectors (RRs) exchange the VPN-IPv4
routes via multihop eBGP. The ASBRs only exchange the labeled
addresses of those PE routers that hold VPN routes that are shared
between those ASes. This maintains scalability for the ASBRs, since
they do not need to know the VPN-IPv4 routes.
In this solution, the top label specifies an LSP to an egress PE
router, and the second label specifies a VPN connected to this egress
PE. The security of the ASBR connection has the same constraints as
in solution b): An ASBR should only accept packets with top labels
that it has assigned to the other router, thus verifying that the
packet is addressed to a valid PE router. Any label, which was
assigned to the other ASBR, will be accepted. It is impossible for
an ASBR to distinguish between different egress PEs or between
different VPNs on those PEs. A malicious service provider of one AS
could introduce packets into any VPN on a PE of the other AS; it only
needs a valid LSP on its ASBR and PEs to the corresponding PE on the
other AS. The VPN label can be statistically guessed from the
theoretical label space, which allows unidirectional traffic into a
VPN.
This means that such an ASBR-ASBR connection can only be made with a
trusted party over a private interface, as described in b).
In addition, this solution exchanges labeled VPN-IPv4 addresses
between route reflectors (RRs) via MP-eBGP. The control plane itself
can be protected via routing authentication (RFC 2385 [6]), which
ensures that the routing information has been originated by the
expected RR and has not been modified in transit. The received VPN
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information cannot be verified, as in the previous case. Thus, a
service provider can introduce bogus routes for any shared VPN. The
ASes need to trust each other to configure their respective networks
correctly. All ASes involved in this design form one trusted zone.
The customer needs to trust all service providers involved.
The difference between case b) and case c) is that in b) the ASBRs
act as iBGP next-hops for their AS; thus, each SP needs to know of
the other SP's core only the addresses of the ASBRs. In case c), the
SPs exchange the loopback addresses of their PE routers; thus, each
SP reveals information to the other about its PE routers, and these
routers must be accessible from the other AS. As stated above,
accessibility does not necessarily mean insecurity, and networks
should never rely on "security through obscurity". This should not
be an issue if the PE routers are appropriately secured. However,
there is an increasing perception that network devices should
generally not be accessible.
In addition, there are scalability considerations for case c). A
number of BGP peerings have to be made for the overall network
including all ASes linked this way. SPs on both sides need to work
together in defining a scalable architecture, probably with route
reflectors.
In summary, all of these Inter-AS solutions logically merge several
provider networks. For all cases of Inter-AS configuration, all ASes
form a single zone of trust and service providers need to trust each
other. For the VPN customer, the security of the overall solution is
equal to the security of traditional RFC 2547 [7] networks, but the
customer needs to trust all service providers involved in the
provisioning of this Inter-AS solution.
5. What BGP/MPLS IP VPNs Do Not Provide
5.1. Protection against Misconfigurations of the Core and Attacks
'within' the Core
The security mechanisms discussed here assume correct configuration
of the network elements of the core network (PE and P routers).
Deliberate or inadvertent misconfiguration may result in severe
security leaks.
Note that this paragraph specifically refers to the core network,
i.e., the PE and P elements. Misconfigurations of any of the
customer side elements such as the CE router are covered by the
security mechanisms above. This means that a potential attacker must
have access to either PE or P routers to gain advantage from
misconfigurations. If an attacker has access to core elements, or is
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able to insert into the core additional equipment, he will be able to
attack both the core network and the connected VPNs. Thus, the
following is important:
o To avoid the risk of misconfigurations, it is important that the
equipment is easy to configure and that SP staff have the
appropriate training and experience when configuring the network.
Proper tools are required to configure the core network.
o To minimise the risk of "internal" attacks, the core network must
be properly secured. This includes network element security,
management security, physical security of the service provider
infrastructure, access control to service provider installations,
and other standard SP security mechanisms.
BGP/MPLS IP VPNs can only provide a secure service if the core
network is provided in a secure fashion. This document assumes this
to be the case.
There are various approaches to control the security of a core if the
VPN customer cannot or does not want to trust the service provider.
IPsec from customer-controlled devices is one of them. The document
"CE-to-CE Member Verification for Layer 3 VPNs" [13] proposes a
CE-based authentication scheme using tokens, aimed at detecting
misconfigurations in the MPLS core. The document "MPLS VPN
Import/Export Verification" [12] proposes a similar scheme based on
using the MD5 routing authentication. Both schemes aim to detect and
prevent misconfigurations in the core.
5.2. Data Encryption, Integrity, and Origin Authentication
BGP/MPLS IP VPNs themselves do not provide encryption, integrity, or
authentication service. If these are required, IPsec should be used
over the MPLS infrastructure. The same applies to ATM and Frame
Relay: IPsec can provide these missing services.
5.3. Customer Network Security
BGP/MPLS IP VPNs can be secured so that they are comparable with
other VPN services. However, the security of the core network is
only one factor for the overall security of a customer's network.
Threats in today's networks do not come only from an "outside"
connection, but also from the "inside" and from other entry points
(modems, for example). To reach a good security level for a customer
network in a BGP/MPLS infrastructure, MPLS security is necessary but
not sufficient. The same applies to other VPN technologies like ATM
or Frame Relay. See also RFC 2196 [5] for more information on how to
secure a network.
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6. Layer 2 Security Considerations
In most cases of Inter-AS or Carrier's Carrier solutions, a network
will be interconnected to other networks via a point-to-point private
connection. This connection cannot be interfered with by third
parties. It is important to understand that the use of any
shared-medium layer 2 technology for such interconnections, such as
Ethernet switches, may carry additional security risks.
There are two types of risks with layer 2 infrastructure:
a) Attacks against layer 2 protocols or mechanisms
Risks in a layer 2 environment include many different forms of
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) attacks, VLAN trunking attacks, or
Content Addressable Memory (CAM) overflow attacks. For example, ARP
spoofing allows an attacker to redirect traffic between two routers
through his device, gaining access to all packets between those two
routers.
These attacks can be prevented by appropriate security measures, but
often these security concerns are overlooked. It is of the utmost
importance that if a shared medium (such as a switch) is used in the
above scenarios, that all available layer 2 security mechanisms are
used to prevent layer 2 based attacks.
b) Traffic insertion attacks
Where many routers share a common layer 2 network (for example, at an
Internet exchange point), it is possible for a third party to
introduce packets into a network. This has been abused in the past
on traditional exchange points when some service providers have
defaulted to another provider on this exchange point. In effect,
they are sending all their traffic into the other SP's network even
though the control plane (routing) might not allow that.
For this reason, routers on exchange points (or other shared layer 2
connections) should only accept non-labeled IP packets into the
global routing table. Any labeled packet must be discarded. This
maintains the security of connected networks.
Some of the above designs require the exchange of labeled packets.
This would make it possible for a third party to introduce labeled
packets, which if correctly crafted might be associated with certain
VPNs on an BGP/MPLS IP VPN network, effectively introducing false
packets into a VPN.
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The current recommendation is therefore to discard labeled packets on
generic shared-medium layer 2 networks such as Internet exchange
points (IXPs). Where labeled packets need to be exchanged, it is
strongly recommended to use private connections.
7. Summary and Conclusions
BGP/MPLS IP VPNs provide full address and traffic separation as in
traditional layer-2 VPN services. It hides addressing structures of
the core and other VPNs, and it is not possible to intrude into other
VPNs abusing the BGP/MPLS mechanisms. It is also impossible to
intrude into the MPLS core if this is properly secured. However,
there is a significant difference between BGP/MPLS-based IP VPNs and,
for example, FR- or ATM-based VPNs: The control structure of the core
is layer 3 in the case of MPLS. This caused significant skepticism
in the industry towards MPLS, since this might open the architecture
to DoS attacks from other VPNs or the Internet (if connected).
As shown in this document, it is possible to secure a BGP/MPLS IP VPN
infrastructure to the same level of security as a comparable ATM or
FR service. It is also possible to offer Internet connectivity to
MPLS VPNs in a secure manner, and to interconnect different VPNs via
firewalls. Although ATM and FR services have a strong reputation
with regard to security, it has been shown that also in these
networks security problems can exist [14].
As far as attacks from within the MPLS core are concerned, all VPN
classes (BGP/MPLS, FR, ATM) have the same problem: If an attacker can
install a sniffer, he can read information in all VPNs, and if the
attacker has access to the core devices, he can execute a large
number of attacks, from packet spoofing to introducing new peer
routers. There are a number of precautionary measures outlined above
that a service provider can use to tighten security of the core, but
the security of the BGP/MPLS IP VPN architecture depends on the
security of the service provider. If the service provider is not
trusted, the only way to fully secure a VPN against attacks from the
"inside" of the VPN service is to run IPsec on top, from the CE
devices or beyond.
This document discussed many aspects of BGP/MPLS IP VPN security. It
has to be noted that the overall security of this architecture
depends on all components and is determined by the security of the
weakest part of the solution. For example, a perfectly secured
static BGP/MPLS IP VPN network with secured Internet access and
secure management is still open to many attacks if there is a weak
remote access solution in place.
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8. Security Considerations
The entire document is discussing security considerations of the RFC
4364 [1] architecture.
9. Acknowledgements
The author would like to thank everybody who has provided input to
this document. Specific thanks go to Yakov Rekhter, for his
continued strong support, and Eric Rosen, Loa Andersson, Alexander
Renner, Jim Guichard, Monique Morrow, Eric Vyncke, and Steve Simlo,
for their extended feedback and support.
10. Normative References
[1] Rosen, E. and Y. Rekhter, "BGP/MPLS IP Virtual Private Networks
(VPNs)", RFC 4364, February 2006.
11. Informative References
[2] Rekhter, Y., Moskowitz, R., Karrenberg, D., Groot, G., and E.
Lear, "Address Allocation for Private Internets", BCP 5,
RFC 1918, February 1996.
[3] Baker, F., Atkinson, R., and G. Malkin, "RIP-2 MD5
Authentication", RFC 2082, January 1997.
[4] Murphy, S., Badger, M., and B. Wellington, "OSPF with Digital
Signatures", RFC 2154, June 1997.
[5] Fraser, B., "Site Security Handbook", RFC 2196, September 1997.
[6] Heffernan, A., "Protection of BGP Sessions via the TCP MD5
Signature Option", RFC 2385, August 1998.
[7] Rosen, E. and Y. Rekhter, "BGP/MPLS VPNs", RFC 2547,
March 1999.
[8] Bates, T., Rekhter, Y., Chandra, R., and D. Katz,
"Multiprotocol Extensions for BGP-4", RFC 2858, June 2000.
[9] Rosen, E., Viswanathan, A., and R. Callon, "Multiprotocol Label
Switching Architecture", RFC 3031, January 2001.
[10] Gill, V., Heasley, J., and D. Meyer, "The Generalized TTL
Security Mechanism (GTSM)", RFC 3682, February 2004.
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[11] Fang, L., "Security Framework for Provider-Provisioned Virtual
Private Networks (PPVPNs)", RFC 4111, July 2005.
[12] Behringer, M., Guichard, J., and P. Marques, "MPLS VPN
Import/Export Verification", Work in Progress, June 2004.
[13] Bonica, R. and Y. Rekhter, "CE-to-CE Member Verification for
Layer 3 VPNs", Work in Progress, September 2003.
[14] DataComm, "Data Communications Report, Vol 15, No 4: Frame
Relay and ATM: Are they really secure?", February 2000.
Author's Address
Michael H. Behringer
Cisco Systems Inc
Village d'Entreprises Green Side
400, Avenue Roumanille, Batiment T 3
Biot - Sophia Antipolis 06410
France
EMail: mbehring@cisco.com
URI: http://www.cisco.com
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Full Copyright Statement
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